Top 4 Prep Books for the GRE Test

Birth And Death By Frederic Skinner Essay - 1020 Words

Birth and Death Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the most influential psychologists to study and practice, the ideology of Behaviorism. The concept behind behaviorism is to understand the thought that emphasizes the importance of experience in governing behavior while, the key role of behaviorism was to the determine the laws that govern learning (Claypoole, 2016). Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 and died on August 18, 1990 due to Leukemia. There are many personal and historical events that shaped B. F. Skinner as a Behavioral Psychologist. Skinner got his Master’s in Psychology at Harvard University on May 1, 1930. While, studying psychology and behaviorism, he invented an operant conditioning chamber, also known as â€Å"the Skinner Box†. After one year, Skinner received his PhD in Psychology and on November 29, 1938, his first book was published called The Behavior of Organisms. The book is about an experimental analysis and studies on his theory behind operant conditioning and behavior. After having achieved a significant amount of success, he invented The Baby Tender under the influence of his wife, Yvonne who desired to have crib that was safe for a baby by keeping it from trapping it legs or suffocating itself under blankets or within bars. Furthermore, during World War II, Skinner trained pigeons to continuously peck at a target and this would allow the missile to hold in target. On November 29, 1948, he published a fictional book called Walden Two. In thisShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 Pagestheories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov, it became the most instrumental theory of develop in education today. If used correctly in education systems, children will be able to individually be graded instead of adhering to the current system of today where the top majorityRead MoreThe Difference Between The Rate Of Development989 Words   |  4 Pageschildren, ages between 0 – 19 years. The main areas of development is physical, intellectual, emotional and social/communication. As practitioners we must remember to look at a child holistically. (as a whole person) Development continues from birth to d eath and can be likend to a web or network.’ (19/11/14, CACHE level 3 child care and education, Carol Meggitt 2nd edition) Task 2: 2.1 – Children’s development is influenced by a range of external and personal factors. External factors include povertyRead MoreFreud and Behaviourists Theories Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescontributing to our mental make up, thus governing our actions, thoughts and behaviour. He completed the theory in 1926, at the age of 70, although he continued to re-present it, rethink its implications and apply it in new ways until his death. (Padel, 1987.) One of the factors making up his theory was the levels of mind. Freud said that it was as if the mind was separated into three sections. These sections being the conscious mind, the pre-conscious mind and theRead More‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic.’2499 Words   |  10 Pagesmoral thinking entities, behaviourism does not accept that maladaptive characteristics are inherent in a person’s nature. â€Å"In the mind of the behaviourist, persons are nothing more than simple mediators between behaviours and the environment.† (Skinner, 1993, p.428) John. B. Watson (1878-1958), an American psychologist, whose work originated the theory of behaviourism, believed that psychology is essentially the science of stimuli and responses and learned responses can be acquired by means ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown M igration is a basic feature of the human species. Along with mutation and natural selection, it is one of the three basic mechanisms of human evolution. The movement of primates in central Africa gave birth to the first hominids some 5 million years ago. Movement made possible the appearance of every hominid species since then, including our own some 150,000 years ago, and the spread of Homo sapiens from our African cradle to every major area of the

Cover Letter free essay sample

These structures help me have a paragraph written in the way effectively emphasizing the two subjects. In cause and effect, I learned how to write a paragraph which help readers easily determine the causes and effects of one problem. In argument paragraph, learned to write in a persuasive way to convince the readers to support my ideas. At the beginning of the class, my weakness related to how to convey meaning accurately and how to develop an article logically was all exposed to the sunlight.After the lessons, I didnt start my writing until the outline was well-developed with the thesis clearly stated and with the evidences adequately collected. Although my outline seems good, the first version remains far beyond my expectation and satisfaction. The biggest problem I met was how to determine an effective organizational pattern for my paragraph. Readers would note that there is a huge difference between version one and version two as various beneficial structures I have been learning at class facilitate a relatively easy approach to well organizing the paragraph. The Cellos epitaph is the oldest extant example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. A review of ancient drawings on vases and walls, etc. And ancient writings (such as in Aristotle, Problems, Book XIX. 12) which described musical techniques of the time, as well as Double pipes, such as those used by the ancient Greeks, and ancient bagpipes stands as evidence of musical accordance. Indian classical music (Marge) can be found from the scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the Veda. Sambaed, one of the four Veda, describes music at length. Early Music Music during this lengthy time was varying , encompassing multiple cultural traditions within a wide geographic area; many of the cultural groups out of which divided Europe developed already had musical traditions, about which little is known. What unified these cultures in the Middle Ages was the Roman Catholic Church, and Its music served as the focal point for musical development for the first thousand years of this period.Medieval Music While musical life was without doubt affluent in the early Medieval era, as proven by artistic portrayals of instruments, writings about music, and other records, the only evidence of music which has survived till this day is the plainsong liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, the largest part of which is called Gregorian chant. This chant has been preserved from before 800 to the present day. During the 9th century many significant developments happened. First, there was a major effort by the Gregorian liturgy. Second, the earliest polyphonic music was sung, a form of parallel singing known as organ. Third, and of greatest significance for music history, notation was reinvented after a lapse of about five hundred years, though it would be several more centuries before a system of pitch and rhythm notation evolved having the precision and flexibility that modern musicians take for granted. All early music an be divided into two general categories: sacred and secular. Christianity was a dominant part of medieval culture, so an entire musical style developed Just to support it.Sacred music was therefore set to the text of the Bible or at least inspired by it. The goals of sacred and secular early medieval composers were originally different. The sacred composers sought to set the Bible to music and to bring a more heavenly aspect to church than could be obtained by simply reading the Bible. Sacred music was originally composed to pay homage to God. Secular music, on the there hand, was composed solely for its entertainment value, whether for dance or to express love.The difference is that today the division between the trained and untrained is not delineated by religion, but usually by access to a university or other formal musical education program. The Gregorian Chant arouse Music arouse Music is a style of European Classical Music between 1600 to 1750. The baroque era followed the Renaissance period (approve. 1400- 1600) and preceded the Classical era (1750 1820). The baroque period is notable for the development of counterpoint, a period in which harmonic complexity grew alongside emphasis on entrants. In opera, interest was transferred from recitative to aria, and in church music the contrasts of solo voices, chorus, and orchestra were developed to a high degree. There are several well-known composers of baroque music, such as Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, and many more. What is counterpoint? Counterpoint describes two or more independent lines of music played simultaneously, in other words note against note (Latin punctures contra punctuate). Counterpoint reached a high level of development in the baroque era, especially the music of J.S. Bach. What instruments were used in Baroque Music? String instruments such as the lute, violin, viola, cello and double bass. Brass Instruments like the trumpet, horn and sackbut were used. Popular wind instruments included the recorder, flute, oboe and bassoon. Baroque keyboard music was often composed for the organ or harpsichord. Occasionally, baroque composers utilized other unique and lesser-known instruments which have since become obscure. Ere music of the Classical period is characterized by homophobic texture, or an obvious melody with accompaniment.Composers could then actually replace singers s the focus of the music because the new melodies seemed to be almost voice like and sinkable. Instrumental music therefore quickly replaced opera and other sung forms (such as oratorio) as the favorite of the musical audience and the epitome of great composition. 20th-Century Music As the radio became more popular and new media and technologies were developed to record, capture, reproduce and distribute music, the 20th Century saw a revolution n music listening. The broadcast and recording of music videos and concert made musical performances more visual.Music of all kinds also became compact, eightieth and easy to carry. People sitting next to each other were able to listen to entirely different performances or share the same performance due to the invention of the headphones. 20th Century music brought a new freedom and wide experimentation with new musical styles and forms that challenged the accepted rules of music of earlier periods. The invention of musical amplification and electronic instruments, especially the synthesizer, in the mid-20th century revolutionized popular music and accelerated the development of new forms of music.Acoustical recording Acoustical recording was an entirely mechanical process of recording which involved t he live performance being directly recorded to the recording medium. A diaphragm would be located at the apex of a cone and the performers would crowd around the other end. The sound of performers would be captured by that diaphragm because a needle would cutting into it making a groove in the recording album. Pantograph French Scientist Leon Scott De Martingale is credited with being the first to prove that sound could be recorded. His Pantograph traced the wave form of sounds spokenInto a small horn on a rotating cylinder covered with soot-coated paper. The resulting pattern was, in essence, the first sound recording. But the two-dimensional recording could not be played back. Likewise, the prescience of Charles Cross, who n 1877 suggested a novel method by which sound waves could be captured and then reproduced, was impressive, but his invention remained only a theoretical ideal. Thomas Edison was able to capitalize on these ideas and design a standard machine for recording and playing back the human voice, one that would ultimately prove commercially successful as well.Phonograph/Gramophone Editions first phonograph used tin-covered cylinders to record vibrations of sound that were focused by a horn-like device onto a diaphragm; the diaphragm vibrated and transmitted the vibrations to a stylus (needle), which etched a helical groove onto rotating cylinder covered with tin foil. The sound could then be played back from making the diaphragm vibrate, recreating the original sound. Editions first recording Nas of him saying, Mary had a little lamb. The recording cylinders were improved by Charles Sumner Tainted , who made them out of wax. The first flat, circular recordNas invented by Mile Berliner (1851-1929), a German-born American inventor, in 1887 (he also invented the gramophone, the machine that played his flat records). Airliners records were originally made of glass, then zinc, and later, hard rubber. Airliner founded Deutsche Gramophone and Britains Gramophone Co. , Ltd. By 191 5, records rotated at a standard 78-RPM (rotations per minute) and were made of shellac (which is very fragile); they were 10 inches in diameter and recorded 4 minutes of sound. The material was eventually change to vinyl. Antique Gramophone Phonograph Electrical Recording

Main Street By Sinclair Lewis Essays - Vorticists,

Main Street by Sinclair Lewis Annonymous For as long as I can remember, I've loved to read: short stories, fiction, nonfiction sometimes, even philosophy if nothing else were available. This term I've been given more reading assignments than I can ever remember having to deal with. This term has been extra special because we studied no less than three types of literature: short stories, poetry, and drama. While I was in high school, a short story was a book with less than three hundred pages. This term I learned that even though a short story may be only a few pages long, there are chapters of interpretation, ambiguity, and symbolism to understand. In The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, I found a story teeming with so much symbolism that I had to read the story twice before I understood half of it. In Araby by James Joyce, I learned to look deeper than just the surface of the original wording to find new meanings to the story. Poetry, on the other hand, has been like a curse to me. I felt as if I were out of my depth when forced to read it. I could read the words, but comprehension was beyond me. Then, just last week I discovered poetry is indeed a foreign language. I've always picked up languages easily, I thought. I then knew that all I had to do was translate the dead language of poetry into terms I could understand, then, with a blinding flash, comprehension dawned. E.E. Cummings is really just a dirty old man. Carlos Williams is a political activist, and Dylan Thomas is incredibly grief stricken about the loss of some loved one. The emotions of the poems were almost too overwhelming to deal with. Once I was told that as we evolve, so to does our language. I thought my teacher had been in the sun too long when she told me that. But when I started reading works by William Shakespear, I found just how right she was. The writings of Shakespear also have the added benefit of being like poetry. For me drama is tedious, boring, and too hard to keep track of. Given the choice of reading Shakespear or getting a new series of hepatitis shots, I would go for a double series any day. Whenever I'm given a reading task, I treat it like a job, something to put up with until I'm done. I know differently now. I wonder how much I have missed thinking in such a way. From now on, I know that I will see it differently. Already with new eyes I see short stories and poems differently. Drama, however, will always be viewed as a painful task.

Free Essays on Video Violence And Juveniles

Major Paper: Violent Video Games Influence on Juveniles In our great land of America, violence is all too common and often children are behind these dreadful acts. The most commonly asked question is who is to blame? There are many different explanations, but videogames seem to be an easy target. Although videogames have been proven to have some violent effects on youthful behavior, parents, religious groups, politicians, and especially the media are eager to point fingers, rather than to address the real problem. Much of the attention is directed around shooting games like Quake, Grand Theft Auto, and Doom. The object here is to use a weapon in order to injure your opponent. The player has access to guns, knives, or bombs depending on the particular game. Shooting games have been in the industry for a while, but the technological imagery of violence is causing a good deal of controversy (Newsmagazine, 2000). The injuries sustained are becoming remarkably realistic. The more horrific injuries include exploding bodies, dissembling limbs, and decapitation. Zimmerman 2 The realistic injuries may overshadow the other deviant acts that are carried out. The game has characters committing crimes like muggings on the street, drive by shootings, and car jacking. These images could provoke youth to commit a crime more than seeing a dissembled body. Violent games are among the most popular in the video game industry, and children are significant contributors playing the games (Cesarone, 1995). The games will only continue to be bigger, better, and bloodier because this is what the American pubic demands. What the people want, the video game industry should give. These games are intended for the adult public, not to adolescents. The industry issued voluntary warning label in 1994, but now all videos are required by law to issue a rating (Freedom Forum, 2001). Not the video industry, but the distributors should be the ones ... Free Essays on Video Violence And Juveniles Free Essays on Video Violence And Juveniles Major Paper: Violent Video Games Influence on Juveniles In our great land of America, violence is all too common and often children are behind these dreadful acts. The most commonly asked question is who is to blame? There are many different explanations, but videogames seem to be an easy target. Although videogames have been proven to have some violent effects on youthful behavior, parents, religious groups, politicians, and especially the media are eager to point fingers, rather than to address the real problem. Much of the attention is directed around shooting games like Quake, Grand Theft Auto, and Doom. The object here is to use a weapon in order to injure your opponent. The player has access to guns, knives, or bombs depending on the particular game. Shooting games have been in the industry for a while, but the technological imagery of violence is causing a good deal of controversy (Newsmagazine, 2000). The injuries sustained are becoming remarkably realistic. The more horrific injuries include exploding bodies, dissembling limbs, and decapitation. Zimmerman 2 The realistic injuries may overshadow the other deviant acts that are carried out. The game has characters committing crimes like muggings on the street, drive by shootings, and car jacking. These images could provoke youth to commit a crime more than seeing a dissembled body. Violent games are among the most popular in the video game industry, and children are significant contributors playing the games (Cesarone, 1995). The games will only continue to be bigger, better, and bloodier because this is what the American pubic demands. What the people want, the video game industry should give. These games are intended for the adult public, not to adolescents. The industry issued voluntary warning label in 1994, but now all videos are required by law to issue a rating (Freedom Forum, 2001). Not the video industry, but the distributors should be the ones ...

Teaching the Life Skills in Special Education

Teaching the Life Skills in Special Education Here is a list of life skills that students/children with developmental delays should be taught once they are able to learn them: Personal InformationName, address, telephone numbers, location of their paper identification, contact information. Sign InformationSigns in the community: Stop, men, women, no smoking, out of order, no loitering,exit, detour, pedestrian crossing, yield, no dogs etc. Important LabelsFlammable, poison, harmful, out of reach of children, high voltage. Knobs, dials, buttons, switches:TV, radio, stove, toasters, washer/dryer, microwave, taps, scales, handles etc. Application FormsSurname, occupation, signatures, initials, references. Finding InformationDictionaries, catalogues, internet, phonebooks, 911, location of important information etc. LabelsPrescription labels, direction labels, recipes, index, table of contents, shopping directories, calendars, important dates, holidays etc. Store TypesGrocery, laundry, hardware, drug store, restaurants, specialty, hairdresser/barber, recreation centres etc. LiteracyThank you cards, basic letters, invitation RSVPs, envelope addresses Basic LawsTraffic signs and signals, no smoking, speed limits, vandalism, noise bylaws, loitering etc. BankingAccount management, debit card use, deposits and withdrawals, writing cheques, understanding statements MoneyIdentification, change, values, coins, paper and equivalencies TimeTelling time, being on time, understanding the difference between analog and ditital, alarm clock settings, times for work, meals and sleep These are just some of the important life skills that students with developmental delays will need to be taught. Some individuals will be capable of learning more of the basic skills than others. However, these basic life skills are an important part of their curriculum. Many activities can be done to help support the learning of these activites - it may take some creativity and hands on experiences.

Army Aviation unit that was lost under Army Transformation Research Paper

Army Aviation unit that was lost under Army Transformation - Research Paper Example The U.S. Army goes as far as to state, â€Å"soldiers learn these values in detail during Basic Combat Training (BCT), from then on they live them every day in everything they do — whether they’re on the job or off† (Department of Defense, 2006). Since the formation of our country soldiers, brave men and women; have fought to protect our borders, our rights, our freedoms. There have been many changes, in the way they have fought; from horses and swords, to planes, and guns, but the operating force, the solider, and their values have remained the same. With advances in technology there has arisen a new threat to the soldier’s way of life, job security and possibly even necessity, and that is machine soldiers. Machines, acting in place of soldiers, now patrol our borders, and more recently steps have been made to make them airborne. In fact part of the 2004 Army transformation displaced an entire airborne fleet, the Comanche helicopter division, and entruste d the 6.9 million dollars that was used to fund speed up the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) development. This leaves many to question whether or not a machine can really exude the same values as a solider. After taking a deeper look at the reasons for the 2004 army transformation, the development and purpose of UAV’s and how it is affecting U.S. army units, we may rethink the funding the use of machines over soldiers. 2004 Army Transformation After the attacks in 9/11/2001 the U.S. army entered the first war in close to thirty years. By 2004 it was apparent that this war was going to last longer than expected, so the army began looking at a total transformation. Much of the equipment was in desperate need of advancement and the location and usage of army personnel needed to be altered. US Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker spoke before congress in December 2006 on the importance of this Army transformation. He said, "Following 9/11, our Army began its most significant reorganization since World War II to ensure that the formations of all components are fully manned, equipped, and trained† (Schoomaker, 2006). Of course one of the primary goals of this transformation was the advancement of technology use in our armed forces. As with most technological changes this brought about much debate, especially over the development of unmanned vehicles. The Development and Purpose of UAV’s One particular unmanned vehicle that was developed was the unmanned aerial vehicle, also known as UAV’s. A UAV is a remotely controlled aerial vehicle that is unmanned by human personal, or crew. These vehicles come in two categories and are used for a variety of purposes. In the past UAV’s were typically more or less drone’s, or remotely piloted aircraft. In this case the pilot, or soldier, would still be in a sense flying the plane and making the decisions but they would doing this from a more secured ground location. Recent advancements, however, have led to the use of autonomous control in the UAV’s. In this situation the aircraft is preset to a particular flight plan, and at times has a particular order to fulfill. In this situation one solider could monitor multiple aircrafts, eliminating many Army positions. This also leaves the job of decision making up to the aircraft, or computer, not to a solider who has been trained in the key value systems listed above. Currently

Film Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis - Research Paper Example This sense is emphasized by Stone’s employment of several real-life participants in depicting his version of events. By refusing to recast the president, for example, Stone proves his talent as a director working with limited available footage and injects reality into the story. When he uses the Zapruder film, Stone is able to inject a somber mood of reflection as audiences realize this is the actual event and not a staged recreation. Another significant appearance is Jim Garrison playing the role of the Honorable Chief Justice Earl Warren. By placing him in this role, Stone suggests that anyone placed in the real life role may have been obligated to come to the same conclusions the Warren Commission delivered. Real life assassination witness Jean Hill also appeared in the film as the stenographer taking down Hill’s real life statement. Again, the underlying message is that of authenticity – Hill wouldn’t change her own statements or misrepresent what she said herself. The overall style of the film further emphasizes authenticity. The video montage of the first section of the film establishes its link with reality by showing real news footage. The video is left in its television-sized format, surrounded by plenty of black space, making the theater dark and bringing the mood of the audience into alignment with the seriousness to follow. However, the gradual reduction of the music to only rhythmic, heartbeat-like strikes on the drum help create dramatic tension leading up to the flash of a completely black screen and the sound of shots being fired. This is followed by the almost equally dark CBS New Bulletin screen and newscaster voiceover announcing the news that the president had been shot. The first full screen footage seen by the audience is that of the Zapruder film documenting the president’s final moments within a nearly silent environment. All that can be heard is the

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Mildred Montag is the prime example of a conformist in the dystopian society portrayed in Ray Bradburys book, Fahrenheit 451. She thinks in the simplistic manner that people like her are conditioned to, and shes married to a fireman, who plays the largely important role of burning books in this society. She spends her days watching the television screens in the parlor and her nights with Seashell Radios buzzing in her ears. At first glance, her life of all play and no work might seem relaxing and blissful. However, it eventually comes to mind that all of her bliss is derived from her use of technology in order to escape from reality. Even then, it will become apparent that Mildred is not actually blind to reality and that her happy disposition is fabricated. Mildreds behavior, considered to be normal in her society, is no different from that of a self-destructive addict in ours. Her favorite pastime is to sit in the parlor and spend time with what she claims to be her family, but is really just a bunch of characters from the programs she watches. A description of what was shown on the screen during one of the programs was as follows: Abruptly the room took off on a rocket flight into the clouds, it plunged into a lime-green sea where blue fish ate red and yellow fish. (pg. 94). Such colorful and spontaneous effects are much like what many people in our society claim to experience under the influence of hallucinogens, which coincidentally are the types of drugs that are notorious for having the ability to make a person lose all sense of reality. Mildred exhibits a sign of addiction when Guy, while he is sick in bed, asks her to lower the volume in the parlor, and she responds by leaving the room, [doing] nothing to the parlor and [coming] back. (pg. 49). This shows that she cares more about a piece of technology than about the welfare of her own husband. Likewise, in modern-day society, addictions tend to practically take over the entire lives of people who suffer from them, thus driving the addicts to sacrifice connections with their friends and families in order to satisfy their cravings for whatever it is that they are addicted to. It is also mentioned that Mildred occasionally likes to drive around at night, at dangerously high speeds just to feel a rush or a temporary high. Generally, people are believed to resort to such methods of addictive behavior when they feel that they are unable to enjoy a normal life. Reasonably enough, the reality that Mildred tries to escape is indeed dull, empty, and unenjoyable. She depends upon her addictions to help her fill up the void, as is depicted literally when she receives the endoscopic treatment after her overdose at the beginning of the book. As it says, Go on, anyway, shove the bore down, slush up the emptiness, if such a thing could be brought out in the throb of the suction snake. (pgs. 14-15). In this situation, the drugs serve as the technology she utilizes in an attempt to make a physical escape from the life she leads, and once the operators extract those drugs from her body, there is nothing left inside, save perhaps emptiness. The line mentioned could either be stating the fact that emptiness is intangible and cannot be taken out, or hinting that emptiness itself wasnt even there to be removed in the first place. On a similar note, Mildred overindulges in technology because her life would be utterly meaningless without it. As if it werent significant enough, the very fact that Mildred attempts suicide is a solid sign that she does not have anything she feels is worth living for. That being said, just from the knowledge that Mildred makes an effort to escape from reality, one can derive that she has to have a certain level of awareness as to the existence of what it is she tries so hard to separate herself from. She believes that by not acknowledging this awareness, she will be able to fully convince herself that her means of escape is her reality. For instance, when Guy tries to convince her that books may add meaning to their lives, she argues that books arent people and that her family is people. (pg. 73). However, when Guy asks her if her family loves her with all their heart and soul, (pg. 77) she is at a loss for words. Much like what happens when Clarisse asks Guy whether or not he is happy, this question forces Mildred to think strictly about what is real. It reminds her that deep down, she knows that her family consists of fictional characters who cannot harbor real emotions and thus, cannot requite her love for them. This is part of the awareness that she refuses to acknowledge, and she is stunned when Guys question catches her in her disguise. Unfortunately, she does not accept that she has a problem and proceeds to change the subject in response to his question. Towards the end of the book, when Mildred leaves the house as the firemen arrive to burn it, it can be inferred that technology does not have the effect on her that she desires, and that it cannot save her from her reality. One can recall that earlier in the story, an old woman chooses to stay in her house and burn along with her books, causing Guy to realize that books can help people to find in their lives a meaning that does not exist in his or Mildreds. Mildred does not stay to burn with the parlor that she makes such a big deal out of throughout the course of the book. In this way, she inadvertently proves that the parlor and the other forms of technology she attaches herself to, do not provide her life with any real meaning. Mildred is initially unhappy because she subconsciously wants her life to be meaningful, and it is not. She may not be aware of that specific problem, but there is no denying her awareness that something about her life makes her feel unsatisfied. Instead of acknowledging her problems and facing them head-on the way her husband deals with his, she tries to smother her negative emotions by resorting to physically and mentally unhealthy behavior in a futile attempt to run away from the reality which contains her problems. As her actions can only allow her to reach temporary highs and reality is something that will never disintegrate, it is impossible for her to achieve what she desires by means of the methods she uses. These problems merge to spiral her into a constant routine of highs and crashes; all the while, her initial problem never gets taken care of. As a result, she feels even more trapped in this seemingly endless cycle, and her efforts to make herself blind to reality only prolong her agony and make her even more unhappy in the long run.

Promotion Of School Violence :: School Violence Essays

I go to gross movies and listen to heavy metal and rap music and I haven't killed anybody, does that make me a potential killer?† These things provoke anger, temper, and crummy attitudes. Gross visuals and music dull sensitivities. They teach the wrong way to handle problems. Make no mistake about this. No matter what defenders of this junk may say, violent movies, video games, and gross music have consequences that include more arguing, hitting, abuse, and other violent behavior; sometimes even killings like happened in Littleton. However, instead of focusing on the real problem, most of the attention has been focused on guns. Yes, these boys used guns. They also made and used bombs. Obviously, kids can't have guns at school. But weak solutions about controlling gun sales would not have stopped these kids from getting guns-or from buying nails, propane and other things they used to make the bombs. These kids broke a dozen laws in doing what they did. Another law or two on the books would not have prevented the massacre in Littleton. Common threads in this and other episodes of school violence have been that the kids have watched lots of violent movies and videos, listened to gross music, and played violent video games. I'm more worried about filling kids minds with gross violence in videos, movies, and video games than I am about guns. I'm also very concerned about the disconnect from parents and the lack of respect for authority. Parents need to take charge. Obviously this needs to be with love, but parents need to be in charge and know what is going on. Other than guns being the quick diagnosis and thing to fix, all this awful violence seems to be a big mystery to so many. This isn't a mystery. There's no mystery about it. If there's no respect and if kids' heads are filled with evil, violence, and sex--which is what has been happening, why is anyone surprised about this horrific behavior? A large part of the responsibility for the violence that happen ed in Littleton must be placed on the producers of increasingly gross and violent movies, music, and video games. When kids go to a movie, watch television, or play video games, they become part of what they see and hear. Soak this stuff in their heads long enough and it becomes a part of the way they think, act, and live.

Huckleberry Finn Frederick Douglass Slavery comparison Essay

Up until 1865, slavery and all of its violence and cruelty was accepted across the United states. The self-acclaimed â€Å"Land of the Free† was not a free land for slaves like Fredrick Douglass, or even Jim, a fictional character in the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Slavery depicted in the previously mentioned novel is very much cushioned when compared to the reality of slavery depicted in the autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. However, Mark Twain, author of the former manages to capture some realities within his satirical version of life before the American Civil War. Both novels portray the classic version of slavery, where Africans are inferior to the English, but Twain’s version shows neither the extent of violence and cruelty committed upon slaves, nor the double-edged sword that comes with owning slaves. Frederick Douglass and Mark Twain both show the most common form of slavery; the unjust control and superiority white people assert over the African race. In Twain’s novel, Jim is loyal to his owner Miss Watson, but when Miss Watson finds out â€Å"she could [get] eight [hundred] dollars for [Jim]† (42), she plans to sell him. Miss Watson had promised Jim that she would never sell him, and knows that, by selling Jim, she would be separating him from his wife and children. However, with the offer of eight hundred dollars for Jim, Miss Watson’s own greed overrules the destruction of a slave family. In this novel, eight hundred dollars for the white lady is worth destroying a black family over. Similarly, Douglass experiences his life being toyed with over â€Å"a misunderstanding [that] took place between [Douglass’ owner] and Master Hugh† (41), his temporary owner. Because of an insignificant argument, Douglass’ entire life is once again moved to a new location. In both the narrative and the novel, the lives of slaves are not worth even the menial conflicts of a white slave owner. When comparing the lives of slaves in Douglass’s narrative and Twain’s novel, it is evident that Twain has not done justice to the amount of violence slaves are put through. Throughout the duration of Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim, the slave, has never been whipped. That may partially be due to Jim being a runaway, but simply the fact that Jim was able to â€Å"set down on the ground betwixt [Huck] and Tom†¦[and] begun to snore† (9) reveals Twain’s inability to portray the true life of a slave. Here, a slave is able to just sit down and take a nap without a second thought. In comparison, Douglass writes of when â€Å"a young girl between fifteen and sixteen years of age†¦lost her rest for several nights previous, [and] did not hear the [baby] crying†¦ [Her owner], finding her slow to move, jumped from her bed, seized an oak stick of wood by the fireplace, and with it†¦ ended her life† (26). For Jim, when he fell asleep, nothing of consequence happened to him. In fact, he got a nice rest. The young girl in Douglass’ story, on the other hand, was brutally beaten to death for the same offense. Whether it was on purpose or not, Twains satirical version of slavery is an insult to the brutalities millions of slaves suffered at the hands of white men and women. On first glance, owning slaves may not seem to have any consequence. However, Douglass reveals, as Twain omits, the fact that slave owning is a double edged sword. Douglass’ temporary owner, Mrs. Auld, begins as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings†¦But, alas! [her] kind heart had but a short time to remain such†¦ That angelic face gave place to that of a demon. Thus is slavery the enemy of both the slave and the slave holder†(31). Douglass gives a first-hand account of how owning a slave can change the kindest person into a heartless devil. Twain, however, writes of slave owning â€Å"Uncle Silas, [who visits Jim] every day or two to pray with him, and Aunt Sally, [who comes] in to see if [Jim is] comfortable and [has] plenty to eat, and both of them [are] kind as could be† (225). Though Silas and Sally are slave owners, and Jim is a runaway slave that they have captured, they are very kind to him, as they are with their other slaves. Twain’s portrayal of slave owners is much kinder than the one depicted by Douglass. This is understandable, as Twain is a white male who can identify with slave owners, and Douglass is a slave, who can identify with all the other enslaved Africans of his time. While both Twain and Douglass write of the classic Africans-enslaved-to-white-men tale, their portrayals of slavery are very different. Douglass reveals the brutal violence committed upon slaves, while Twain writes of no violence against slaves. Douglass also portrays slavery as detrimental to the character of both slaves and slave owners, and once again, Twain does not. It is clear that there is a fine line between reality and fiction when it comes to the portrayal of slavery. Never again can the human race commit such sins against one of their own.

Christianity- Sexual Ethics

Sexuality is important in the lives of all Christian adherents and it is for this reason that Christianity offers many explicit instructions on sexual intercourse and sexual behaviours, such as when, where and with whom sexual expression is permitted. Guidance for the expression of sexuality is sourced in the Christian sacred texts the New Testament and the Hebrew scriptures and differs throughout the various Christian denominations. Christians are essentially encouraged to enjoy sexual relations within the confines of a loving, adult, heterosexual and married relationship, any other sexual behaviour in considered sinful. That is why a man leaves his father and mother and joins himself to his wife, they become one body† (Genesis 2:24) The Christian teachings on sexual ethics from Christian sacred texts teach adherents that there is strictly to be no adultery; â€Å"You shall not commit adultery† (Exodus 20:14). Each Christian denomination teaches that divorce is a sin, à ¢â‚¬Å"everyone who divorces his wife makes her commit adultery, whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery† (Mt 5:31-32). Likewise, each denomination is also opposed to remarriage, viewing it as betraying God’s wish; â€Å"whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery† (Mk 10:12).Each Christian denomination teaches that unfaithfulness is not permitted within the Christian Church and is a great sin against God, teaching Christians to ‘love your wife just as Jesus loved the church’ (Ephesians 5:31-2). Adultery in all forms is seen as an immoral sin from all denominations. The Christian teaching on premarital sexuality differs between Christian denominations. The Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches emphasise chastity as essential, stating that there should be no sexual activity outside or before marriage, however the both churches acknowledge human mistake and view chastity as a gradual process.Evangelistic Protestant Churches have a strict no sex before or outside marriage view, whilst mainline Protestant Churches state that marriage is the ideal location for sexual activity, however accept the individual’s own decision as to their sexual whereabouts. Homosexuality is rejected throughout all Christian denominations aside from mainline Protestant Churches, due to Biblical instruction of natural law; men and women were intended for each other in hopes for children; â€Å"Men, leaving natural use of woman, burned in their lust toward one another; men with men† (Romans 1:26-27).Mainline Protestant Churches accept the medical opinion and reasoning for homosexuality, viewing that people cannot help being homosexual, as it is something they are simply born into. Mainline Protestant Churches permit a loving, committed and faithful homosexual relationship. Contraception is another highly controversial matter throughout the Christian Church regarding sexual activity. All Christian denominations permi t contraception as a way of regulating the number of children and space between births, except for the Catholic Church.The Catholic Church has strict teachings that all unnatural forms of contraception are impermissible, based on natural law. Catholics view sex and fertility as a part of nature and view it as wrong to unnaturally prevent the conceiving and life of a new human being, and thus, even within a marriage, unnatural products such as condoms and the pill are not allowed. However, the Catholic Church does permit natural methods of birth control such as rhythm control and allows for unnatural contraception to be used to treat sexual medical conditions only.Each Christian denomination teaches that within a marriage, sexual intercourse should be participated in for a healthy and enjoyable lifestyle for a loving and committed couple; ‘two people become one flesh, so they are no longer two but one’ (Genesis 2:24). The Church teaches that sexual activity should always lead to new life and hopes for children, otherwise it is viewed as selfish; ‘be fruitful and increase in number’ (Genesis 1:28). Inside a marriage is seen by all denominations as the desirable place for sex where children can be raised. God created sexual intercourse to unite an individual with their partner in Holiness.

Characters of a Seperate Peace Essays

Characters of a Seperate Peace Essays Characters of a Seperate Peace Paper Characters of a Seperate Peace Paper Finny are the two main characters of the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles. They are two very deferent people but manage to still be friends despite. During the course of the book, it becomes evident Genes envy for Finny. However given the nature of Gene and Fannys personalities It Is almost Impossible for Gene to not envy Finny. Gene Is an excellent academic student, but feels that he needs something more. When looking at his Myers-Briggs personality type he seems to fit into that category off JIFFS. These types of people are said to care for people and work endlessly on heir behalf. They have the need to please others and feel needed. This applies to Gene with his very co-dependent relationship with Finny. He wants to desperately to be what Finny is. And a soaring sense of freedom revealed that this must have been my purpose from the first: to become a part of Phonies. (77) I believe that Gene desperately wants to fit in and be liked and will please anyone to do so, but not without resentment being held. His desire to fit in and be something other then himself Is shown In how quickly he is willing to Join the army. Finny Is an excellent athlete, charming, and funny. He can get away with Just about anything, the rules Just dont seem to apply to him. When looking at the Myers-Briggs test I would classify him as an FEND. These types of people are said to be warm and enthusiastic people, and good at almost anything they put their mind to. Finny has a certain hold over people, especially Gene. Gene begins to realize this when he thinks What was I doing up here anyway? Why did I let Finny talk me into stupid things like this? Was he getting some kind of hold over me? (9) Finny doesnt mean to be manipulative or have a hold over people he is genuine in his desire to make things more fun for others. When looking at Gene and Finny as individuals you see two very different people. You see Gene as someone who feels the desire to please people but is not satisfied with himself, and Finny as someone who Is a fantastic athlete and possesses an undeniable charm. Because of Gene and Flybys close relationship, Finny Is the person Gene decides to want to be Instead of himself. This desire ultimately translates into envy. When Gene starts to become aware of this new he justifies it by eying its a mutual rivalry. Yes, I sensed it like the sweat of relief when nausea passes away; I felt better. We were even after all, even in enmity. The deadly rivalry was on both sides after all. (54) Gene believes that because he is Jealous of Fannys athletic capabilities, that Finny must in return be Jealous of Genes academic achievements. When Finny falls off the tree due to Gene shaking it, at first Gene feels a sense of liberation as opposed to guilt, because in a way he has defeated Finny. Once Finny can no longer be a great athlete the feeling of envy is temporarily lifted. Gene and Finny start to work together as a unit, helping the other where they are weak. When Finny dies, Gene is satisfied because he will finally live on to be Finny. In a Separate Peace the human nature of envy Is looked at. Gene feels an abnormally large resentment and envy towards Finny, whereas Finny seems to initially feel no envy at all towards Gene. When Finny dies Gene is finally able to be Tree, wanly poses ten quest In my mina want IT Gene Ana never met Hon.: w he have continued to live on feeling the need to be someone other then himself, or would he have reached self acceptance through a more healthy means?

Euphemisms for Death

Euphemisms for Death Euphemism is especially frequent, says linguist John Algeo, when we must come face to face with the less happy facts of our existence. Here we consider some of the verbal tranquilizers employed to avoid dealing head-on with death. Despite what you may have heard, people rarely die in hospitals. Unfortunately, some patients do expire there. And according to hospital records, others experience therapeutic misadventures or negative patient-care outcomes. However, such mishaps cant be nearly as disappointing as the patient who has failed to fulfill his wellness potential. Most of us, I imagine, would rather die than let down the side in this fashion. Well, perhaps not die exactly. We might be willing to pass on, like dinner guests who take a pass on dessert. Or depart, as we should after a night out. (Theyre no longer with us, our hosts will say.) Unless, of course, weve had a bit too much to drink, and then we might just end up lost or asleep. But perish the thought. In the article Communication About Death and Dying, Albert Lee Strickland and Lynne Ann DeSpelder describe how one hospital worker tiptoed around the forbidden word. One day, as a medical team was examining a patient, an intern came to the door with information about another patients death. Knowing that the word death was taboo and finding no ready substitute, the intern stood in the doorway and announced, Guess whos not going to shop at Wal-Mart anymore. Soon, this phrase became the standard way for staff members to convey the news that a patient had died.Dying, Death, and Bereavement, ed. by Inge Corless et al. Springer, 2003 Because strong taboos surround the subject of death in our culture, countless synonyms for dying have evolved over the years. Some of those synonyms, such as the gentler terms suggested above, are regarded as euphemisms. They serve as verbal tranquilizers to help us avoid dealing head on with harsh realities. Our reasons for using euphemisms are varied. We may be motivated by kindnessor at least politeness. For example, when speaking of the deceased at a funeral service, a minister is far more likely to say called home than bit the dust. And to most of us, resting in peace sounds more comforting than taking a dirt nap. (Note that the opposite of a euphemism is a dysphemism- a harsher or more offensive way of saying something.) But euphemisms arent always employed with such solicitude. A substantive negative outcome reported at a hospital may reflect a bureaucratic effort to disguise an interns blunder. Likewise, in wartime a government spokesperson may refer abstractly to collateral damage rather than announce more candidly that civilians have been killed. Euphemisms, Death and Mortality [E]uphemism cannot cancel the reality of death and mortality, says Dorothea von MÃ ¼cke in an essay on German writer Gotthold Lessing. Nonetheless, it can prevent the sudden confrontation, the accidental, unprotected encounter with death as the real, as decomposition and undifferentiation (Body and Text in the Eighteenth Century, 1994). Euphemisms serve as reminders that communication is (among other things) an ethical activity. Strickland and DeSpelder elaborate on this point: Listening carefully to how language is used provides information about the speakers attitudes, beliefs, and emotional state. Becoming aware of the metaphors, euphemisms, and other linguistic devices that people use when talking about dying and death allows for greater appreciation of the wide range of attitudes toward death and promotes flexibility in communication. Theres no doubt that euphemisms contribute to the richness of language. Used thoughtfully, they can help us avoid hurting peoples feelings. But when used cynically, euphemisms can create a haze of deceptions, a layer of lies. And this is likely to remain true long after weve bought the farm, cashed in our chips, given up the ghost, and, as now, reached the end of the line.

Personal Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Responsibility - Essay Example Student B is saying, â€Å"The exam was very difficult for me, and I will not be surprised if I get an F, but, I should have known better and spent more time revising instead of playing video games†. Both cases are of course hypothetical; nevertheless they personify common phenomena in schools wherein some students take responsibility of their actions (B) and others like A want to abscond this. Ultimately, by accepting responsibility B has identified the problem hence has an idea of how to rectify the situation in posterity. â€Å"A†, on the other hand, might fail more exams in the future since he is not willing to take responsibility for his inactions and blames a third part whose errors he cannot rectify. This essay discusses the role of personal responsibility in students, as well as some of the strategies they may use to improve their chances of achieving success in their various field of study. It is the onus of every student to ensure they come up with the best pl ans and strategies, so they can guarantee their academic success. For a student to come up with these strategies, it is imperative they put into consideration first several factors, have the strategies they want to use been used before in similar circumstances? If so, were they successful? They could also consider the resources in terms of time and academic resources, so they make strategies, which they will be able to execute from within their budgeted time, and other resources. The past is also an important consideration when it comes to strategizing; before one makes any plans to improve themselves, it is crucial they consider what lead to their lackluster or mediocre performance in the past. A student wishing to see real improvement must first do a thorough post Mortem of the past performance, in order to identify the weak points in past plans and avoid repeating them in the new strategy. Student may apply the following are strategies to improve their performance; They should ta ke to account the learning styles which provide them with the best results this is the individuals preferred orientation toward learning (Bulut andYukselturk, 2007). Some students learn through class discussion others through listening in class and other by active research where they seek out the answers for themselves; the student should hence apply whichever technique, or combination of techniques, that works for them and hence adapt their plan to the most suitable learning theory for the best results. The student directly takes personal responsibility for their performance through setting personal goals, since they dictate, autonomously, the kind performance they wish to achieve. Operating in any situation without predetermined goals is analogous to running a race without a finish line. As such goals are a vital aspect of any accomplishment in academic pursuits, they can be measured in a number of ways depending on individual students such s Grades, or personal fitness and other forms of self-improvement like, read two books a week. Goals should be specific, measurable, and students should write them down and ensure they are in a place where they are seen daily, so they are a constant reminder. One should also have both long-term and short-term goals, the latter, which help them evaluate their

Marketing Strategy of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Strategy of Apple - Essay Example The main objective of this research is to recognize the marketing strategy of Apple from the customer’s point of view. Therefore, the questionnaire design and data analysis in this study are focused on the elements of the marketing mix. In this research, descriptive studies will be used. Descriptive research is a research based on a set of methods and procedures which are used to describe variables, such as consumers’ attitudes, intentions and behaviors. Descriptive studies are mostly used in survey based researches, in which respondents are requested to fill survey questionnaires (Burns and Bush, 2006). There are several benefits of using descriptive research. Firstly, it could provide data for comparative analysis of competitive products. Secondly, new product performance can be evaluated through such a research. Lastly, it can develop profiles of types of customers and their preferences, which can greatly help the company. Questions about products, distribution, and marketing strategies will be asked in the research. The purpose of this design is to make this kind of research productive (Chisnall, 2005). The reason for using this type of research design is that it perfectly matches to the objective of thi s research, which is to evaluate the effect of marketing strategies on product performance from the customer’s point of view. The research design and data analysis will be divided into several steps. First of all, secondary data will be scanned in order to find what existing literature has to say about the topic. Secondary data is data previously gathered by someone other than the researcher for some purpose other than the research project on hand (Burns and Bush, 2006). In this research, most of the secondary data will be accessed through the internet, which is a form of online research. Secondary data can be divided into two forms: internal and external. The word â€Å"internal data† refers to the data collected within the

Discuss the significance of the media in shaping values and practices Essay

Discuss the significance of the media in shaping values and practices in contemprary societies - Essay Example Forms. There are different forms of media including analog and digital media, which are both equally prominent in the lives of people around the world. Media is understood to include the radio, film, television, video, newspapers, magazines, radio, films, compact discs, current affairs programs and advertising - all of which are considered in relation to media audiences. In the rise of technology, the Internet has highly become an addition to these media. Media may inform us and alert us about current events and other important information. However, media may conceal deception. This indicates that although media is intended for something positive as in providing unbiased data to the public, it can be unreliable at times. When a medium is intentionally partial to one side or deletes some details of a story, the intention of that medium is dubious. On this score, media can shape values and practices in contemporary societies positively or negatively. This significant role of media can best be understood not only in relation to our daily lives but also within the context of larger social forces such as the economy, politics and technological development (Alexander & Hanson, 1999). Characteristics. One way to understand media is to look at its certain qualities that must be taken into consideration as either positive or negative. As Pungente (1989) characterizes media, they primarily present carefully crafted constructions that are the result of many factors. For example, in the making of news, there are principles to follow and there are structures that must be adhered to. Yet, there are the factors that help shape them like ownership and control of the medium. News must be constructed and presented in such a way that it will not hurt the owners’ interests. It is the same with advertising and all the other presentations, where care and timing are considered, yet effects and impacts on the audience are equally studied - again based

The Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay

The Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay Sri Lanka tourism has been under a purple patch of nearly three decade of ethnic war is seen a new dawn of growth for future. With the introduction of new tourists hot spots in the island, many foreign travellers around the world have shown great interests that there are many more things to discover in this tiny island of the Indian Ocean. Government figures show that there is a considerable increase in tourist arrivals since the war had ended 2009 May, it has created more job opportunities and foreign income for government in many aspects. Government strong commitment role was mentioned in this research where creating more opportunities with hidden attractions of north and east to attract tourists. Utilisation of technological advancement to attract new markets in Europe by publishing website in their mother languages and governments open sky policies can be taken as strong points in this research where Sri Lanka tourism have to develop on weakness such as infrastructure, literacy a nd environmental issues to become a successful tourist destination after its anticipate with fear was ended for a new sun shine in Sri Lankan tourism with its nature that could last more years in global tourism sector. Introduction Sri Lanka is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It is a country that offers great variety of attractive that unique to its own. Land filed with range of geographical features including variety of rivers and waterfalls making a magnificent atmosphere. Sri Lanka is blessed by its wonderful sandy coast line that runs all around the island. Result from recent survey (Sri Lanka,n.d.), showed that Sri Lankan information There are so many records of ancient travellers came to visit the country. Study by Hien (414A.D cited Mithtapala, 2009), showed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ who travelled in Sri Lanka in the century he defined country as, this country is an oasis, prosperous and happy: its People are well-to-do: They all have received the faith and find their amusement in religious music. With holds trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Study by Mark Twain (1890 cited Mithtapala 2009) showed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, Dear me; it is beautiful, which holds trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Describes the how it was defined in the eyes of the visitors. It indicates our peoples attitude who they never hesitate to bring host in to their home and treat with warm welcome. Miththapala, S, (2009) describe Refocusing from terrorism to tourismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Unfortunately this warm welcome paradise devastated from brutal conflict. We lost our reputable tourists who love our country a lot. More than two decade conflict was over in May 2009 and bring new hopes to develop our nation with tourism industry which country depends on most. In this research report I would be like to investigate what possibilities to improve our industry under political, economical, technological and social foundation and effects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in our tourism industry Methodology According to my topic which I had investigated Sri Lankan tourism industry have shown tremendous growth with in less than a year after the end of ethnic issue. Because the country and economy was suffered lot from this brutal war, I examined in depth that development in tourism sector using accurate tools such as P E S T and SWOT analysis which gathered valuable information from secondary and primary data for planning proposals and implementation for development projects. For secondary data, basically I used journals, magazines, reports and articles. Consideration of primary data is difficult to obtain since I lived away from Sri Lanka. But I made an effort to speak to member of the tourism board in United Kingdom to get some valuable information about latest developments in tourism industry. Overview of Sri Lankan tourism industry Sri Lankan tourism industry had a rollercoaster ride after the outbreak of civil war in 1983 with ups and downs. Contribution of tourism sector for the Gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign exchange earnings of Sri Lanka are 1-2% and 2-5% respectively in recent past. Even it doesnt provide much direct employment, the contribution to the GDP is high reflecting that employees have a higher productivity than the average Sri Lankan worker. With the liberation of North and east, a number of tourist attractions were originate in that area. Mainly the beaches in the east coast were more popular than the west and south coasts in early 70s. But the lack of facilities is dominant and even the few existing facilities are long overdue for renovations. In the recovery path, Sri Lanka has to deal with the long lasted negative image of worse security situation. In the dawn of peace and prosperity by ending the civil war with the recovery of the Global financial crisis Sri Lanka can expect a better position with more arrivals and investments. It would be better to bring in to attention the areas that need to be utilised to attract more tourist which is the north and northeast areas of the country that consists untouched beaches and natural beauties runs from Nilaveli beaches in trincomalee to kumana wilpaththu national in south east. The trends of the Sri Lankan have shaped up during the last 3 decades from European tourist to south East Asian tourist. Therefore the Sri Lankan tourism market has diversified that looms more opportunity with the end of the ethnic conflict. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities How did the 26 years of war have derailed the growth of Sri Lankan tourism? Sri Lanka had long standing civil war that lasted for more than 26 years that had many effects on tourism and the economy as a whole. According to Reuters report Liberation Tamil tiger of Eelam (L. T. T .E) wanted to damage $32 billion worth Sri Lankan economy. it defensive poor war tactics, strategies and logistic have dragged the economy deeper in to trouble. In 2001 LT.T.E attacked to the international air port at katunayaka which created tremendous blow for the economy. Result from recent study (Tamil guardian, 2009) showed that destructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Terrorist attack in the Yala National Park leads to huge crises for tourism in southern region of the country. Until that time the southern region is a much safer place to travel in the country and this attack alarmed that the LTTE is in a very strong position to create any attack else where in the country. That implication was a tremendous drawback for the tourism industry in the southern region. In addition, the bad press releases are another problem for the suffering economy. Several countries including united state of America (USA) declared travel warnings and bans for their citizens not travel to Sri Lanka due to war situation, and mainly after the heavy attacked in Yala wild life park. In a recent study (Rebel air base attack is to cripple Sri Lanka tourism.2007) showed that how international image was weakened.. Because of the war situation, in the North and east regions none of the infrastructure projects commenced, which impacted very negatively for the local economy and socially. In recent study (Gouby.M,2007),describe the international monetaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It can be mentioned, a good example that in the beginning of 1983 passikadha project stop due to LTTE activities and it is a massive development project located on land 150 acres that targeted local and foreign tourists. Result from recent survey (passikadu plan, n.d.) Showed that project develop Number of development projects were ignored which were planned to start on cease fire durations, after reigniting of the war. Another huge effect due to conflict was consumer prices grew 11% and inflation played depreciation for the local currency. Result from survey (Asian development outlook, 2002) showed that developing south Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However in 2002 new born cease-fire agreement enhance unexpected growth in tourism and other sectors in the country. Small miracle expected due to confidential growth rates by 5% in 2003 that did not last long. Result from the recent survey (Sri lanka economy, n.d.), showed that economy of Sri Lankaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pest analysis 1. Political a) Sri Lankan government objectives on development of the tourism industry are Development of tourism to be a local and internationally as a new destination. Provide setting targets for tourism bureau to develop the industry. Provide information about inclusive and efficient tourist service for industry. Provide guidelines to development and maintain standard for license tourist establishments. Improve confident private sector participation, promotional and training activities for development in tourism. Government identify and develop niche tourism product. (Interview by Sanjika Perera) Implement zonel planning and infrastructure development as resorts. For example regions are Arugambe (east region), hambantota and kalpitiya and going to add Trincomolee and Pasikadu. In recently study (Srimane, 2010) political stability pays dividendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Due to the peace process, the tourism demand is rapidly high in short term. But in long term it has to be more challenge for the government. b) Long term government challenges can be taken as follows; 1. East region would have to develop as a tourist destination and improve better tourism as much as possible. Therefore social life and other facilities is draw up to make their confident due to war. 2. Domestic air facilities has to improve and re schedule for their own necessity. Rail transportation has to expand and improve at least cover major cities to air port. 3. For investment approval procedures has to provide fast and accurate to encourage local and foreign investors. 4. Establish more advancement techniques to attain high skill people to industry through training and development concepts. Recent survey (miththapala, 2009), described the following as Refocusing to terrorism to tourismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ C) Government legislation for development in tourism sector Tourist hotel association of Sri Lanka was established in 1965. Association implement tremendous effort to develop Sri Lankan tourism. It keeps communication with ministers to make formulating development plan and policies. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ New tourism act no 38 was ruled in 2005 which brought new invention and development for the industry. It provides and encourages to private sector to involve to makes decisions and other promotion programmes with government support. This positive impact creates much feedback to tourism development in country. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In addition bilateral investment agreements secure of their investment by law. Major political parties made settlement not to obstruct any investment company or individual doing investment in the country. Basically agreement validate for ten years and then it will renewed another 10 year if investors happy to continue. In addition Sri Lanka is founder member of multilateral investment guarantee agency (MIGA) provide guarantee for expropriation and non commercial risks to invest people. There have been tremendous improvements of infrastructure facilities that can be taken best out in South Asia. Government have attracted the private sector investments such as BOO concept (build, operate and own) and BOT (built, operate and transfer).In recent study (Solid infrastructure, 2010), showed that investment opportunitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) Development in North and east areas to attract tourist to It able to identify several locations in conflict area can convert to most attractive destination domestic and international tourists. This can be required to consider proper planning and implementation of infrastructure investments. it has a huge issue to overcome in this region. Post conflict area can find planning infrastructure delays and it cause higher employment rate. Consequently it bring to people massing depress and confusion in post conflict region 1. Government seeking private sectors to get supportive role to development of framework maintain the standards, plan and working system, priority areas such as eastern, north central region. They get donor assistance from World Bank to implement under SITDA sustainable development projects. They have already got USD 300 million for infrastructure developments. In the post conflict area new projects design for lodging, restaurant and other facilities to attract international and domestic tourism. 2. Authority has to provide time-bound investment to regenerate employment and income earning opportunity to post conflict society. 3. Authority and private sector should have to expand and upgrade training program for youngsters. 4. Government has to avoid restriction on domestic civil aviation and encourage to private investment in air transportation. In addition authority has to examine locate domestic airport near to Traincomalee. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Implementation of government proposals to be environmental friendly tourist destination. Government establish appropriate methods to protect environmental issues. They hope to implement development plans for rural areas to preserve nature. Tourism authority being monitors their stranded and places the reschedule programme for negative issues if occur. Energy consumption programme would be another commitment to protect natural recourses and environment. This programme given knowledge to local society how it consecrate energy, water and waste in hotel environment. This is conducted by the ministry of tourism (MOT). Result from the recent survey (Responsibletourism Sri Lanka, 2009), showed that environmental conservational methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. Economical Factor Economic condition in Sri Lanka was much ahead of all the south East Asian countries except few like Japan and China in late 60s. But with the civil unrest leading to war in early 80s, it started to deteriorate in growth prospects in the years of 86-89. in addition to the war in northern part, whole country was in internal terrorism that had major influence on main income supports. In recent study (Bureau of south and central Asian affairs, 2009), showed that economy grower in ceasefire durationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With the end of the war there are new hope and central bank Sri Lanka have pointed out interest rate reductions and showing significant growth despite the global economic downturns will attract more foreign investors, especially on tourism developments. in recent study (Bureau of south and central Asian affairs, 2009), showed that attract investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a) As a fact of ending of decades of war the new outlook of the Economy is paving the way to improved tourism industry. Economic contribution of the Liberated area 15% of the whole population is still living in the war affected area. The increase of economic contribution of those is immensely increasing leading to increased facilities for the tourism. Also World Bank Development Indicators 2000 shows that the Sri Lanka has the lowest labour cost per worker in manufacturing leading to cost effective labour force for the market. In recent study (Board of Invest of Sri Lanka, n.d.), showed that labour charges are lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ International trends Tourism industry in Asian region has immensely increased in the past two decades and countries likes Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore is leading the way. However Sri Lanka showed a decrease in international arrival in the past decades due to the civil war. With the current situation in the country, it has a large potential for new arrivals in near future. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Business environment in the Country (for foreigners). Sri Lanka has a lucrative business environment for foreign investments. Foreign investments are guaranteed by the constitution and double taxation relieves are in place to attract foreign investors, tourism is an area that government is looking forward for foreign investors to build more world class hotels. Increased foreign direct investment, currently contributing only 2-3 % of the Gross domestic product (G.D.P) will lead to develop more facilities and infrastructure for the industry. In recent study (new department strategy., n.d), showed that frame work for economy growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Improved related infrastructure. Sri Lanka has the potential of developing as the regional trading Hub for the south Asian region. 4.1 Colombo Port. Government is identifying opportunity to attract cruise lines to use Colombo, trincomalee and hambanthota as a stop point to tourists who want to discover the island on their voyagers. (Interview by SanJeka perera) 4.2 Busy International AirPort Most of the major airlines operated in this airport linking every part of the world, providing better services for tourist arrivals. It has shown the Passenger movement has increase of 29% for 95-2000 with the conglomeration of Emirates air lines and hence show the potential of higher growth and expansion. Result from recent study (Regional trading hub, n.d) showed that international air port progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Social factors influencing tourism development a). Human Resource Sri Lanka has the highest Human development index (HDI) in the south Asian region in par with East Asian countries proving improved health and education in the country. It has the highest literacy rate in south Asia 92%. In general HDI has direct relationship to GDP per capita for most of the countries. Sri Lanka has a drastic drop in GDP per capita income relative to HDI. As higher HDI reflects better Human resources, Sri Lanka has the potential to cater the job market with the boom of tourism without any trouble. Result from recent survey (human develop index-going beyond income, 2009), showed that how HDI important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also worlds Bank Development Indicators 2000 shows that the Sri Lanka has the lowest labour cost per worker in manufacturing leading to cost effective labour force for the market. Recent study (highly literate labour force, n.d.), showed that labour charges are lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b). English Language ability As Sri Lanka was once a British colony, it has a large population of English speaking community. But that has declined significantly since 1970s. But with the newly implemented educational reforms it recreates the emphasis on English language. At present Sri Lanka stand along with her regional counterparts in English language ability which has a large impact on tourism related regional facility development. Result from recent study Bureau of south and Central Asia affairs, 2009), showed that language ability work forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Culture impact Modesty and decency is important in all situations cultural and religious influences have some effect on Sri Lankan tourism. Nudity and topless bathing are forbidden and law can be forced for mis-behaviours.When visiting religious place, visitors must cover their body sufficiently and should remove shoes before entering holy shrines .in addition visitors are not allowed to pose for photos with monks and Buddhist statues.Sri Lanka being a country that have preserved with 5000 years of Buddhist culture is restrained for social activities such as night clubs, casino and indecent social behaviour in areas where Buddhist pilgrims situation even near coastal areas, therefore there are constraints of selling alcohol and permission to build hotels with pleasure activities is a social factor affecting fulfilling all needs of the tourists. Result from recent survey (travel essentials, n.d.), showed culture restrictionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Technology factor a) Use of internet technology as a main marketing tool SLTB uses its official website to promote Sri Lankan tourism in English, France, Netherlands and Italy version. The website provides offers and all link registered accommodation and other relative business. Furthermore it provides check availability but unfortunately online real time bookings are not available since the secure payment method in not in place yet. Most tourism companies implement their own websites and they are equal to Europe countries as well. Sri Lankan air line provides 20% total amount of booking in globally but Europe consider it totally amount 50%. Result from recent survey (Etourism at glance Sri Lanka, n.d.) showed that web servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ S W O T Analysis for Sri Lankan tourism sector 1. Strengths a) Being a unique tourist destination Sri Lanka is a one of most attractive destination in the world. It is surrounded by most beautiful beaches, which offer many more cultural and natural places. Kandy was built in 17 and 18 century that provides to see the temple of Lord Buddha.Hikkaduwa is well known as a real paradise for divers and search for abundance reef fishing turtles. Annuradapura has been classed as a world heritage site by U.N.E.S.C.O (United nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation) Sigiriya would be most valuable place that is going back thousand of years history. Visitors can see caves and gardens, which never ceases. In recent study (Kumara, n.d), Sri Lankan awesome placesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And also East coast creates some best beaches like Arugabay and Nilavelli beaches with stunning coral reefs can be taken as new destination points which have been added with end of the ethnic conflict. In addition Arugabay offers best surfing destination in the world. These regions are given unseen scenes like whale watching, natural hot spring in Kanniya and ancient ruins in Ampara. Result from a recent survey (East coast at a glance, n.d.), showed that unseen east destinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. b) The strong management force behind the tourism sector in government Sri Lanka has formed number of government agencies to directly involve in tourist development. Ministry of tourism Sri Lankan tourism development authority. (S.L.T.D.A) Sri Lankan tourism promotion bureau. (S.L.T.B.A) Sri Lankan institute of hotel management. (S.L.I.T.H.M) Sri Lankan convention bureau. (S.L.C.B) Other government agencies are that indirectly involve in the industry Urban development authority (U.D.A) Central environment authority (C.E.A) Department of wild life conservation. (D.W.L.C) Private agencies are such as tourist hotel association and cultural triangle hotelier association. In addition non-government agencies works for community for development process in the post conflict areas. Howkins et al., (2009) describe the Sri Lanka connecting regional economiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ministry of tourist boards vision is to implement sustainability for tourism industry in Sri Lanka. The ministry of tourism and tourist board mission is to As Ministry of tourism Sri Lanka (n.d.) Position Sri Lanka as the most treasured island destination in Asia, which hold trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mission of tourist board As Ministry of tourism Sri Lanka (n.d.) Create an enable environment for the public and private sector in partnership to tourist develop tourism its desired potential while sustaining and conserving both the natural and cultural recoursesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. which hold trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ C) The vital role of the Sri Lankan Tourism development authority This is the major organization for Tourism development, which is playing main role for setting targets, and principles development. Therefore S.L.T.D.A is responsible for promoting Sri Lanka as a travel and tourist destination in national and international level. S.L.T.D.A planning to facilitate own lands for lease to private sectors for develops in eastern province. E.g. Trincomalee and passikudah areas. Howkins et al., (2009) describe the Sri Lanka connecting regional economiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Organizations proposed plans are: Improve and maintain tourist infrastructure project. SLTDA ensure to provide quality products and service with secure atmosphere to tourists. Sri Lanka is positioning as a treasured island in terms of natures secrets and maintains one of the best destinations in the world. Agency setting targets to create skill and training for better job opportunity to society. Agency plan to expand domestic tourism to get motivate for develop international sector. Result from the recent survey (product development, n.d) showed that government expect to provide benefit to communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) International role by Sri Lanka tourism bureau S.L.T.B is act as a international marketing and promotion to industry which consult with S.L.T.D.A .in 2009 industry re brand as a small miracle Howkins et al., (2009,p39) describe the Sri Lankan tourism bureau activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ .furthermore it is promoting new destination such as east region and published broachers to attract natural beauty of Trincomalee to Arugubay. For promotion campaign they advertise local television and special events like international surfing competition. S.L.CB is mainly responsible for MICE activities (meeting, incentive, conference and exhibition), which provides service to develop and applies competitive age to industry. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Cost advantage for tourism industry Minister of public administration and deputy minister of finance explained devastating effects of conflict made costs of investing and operating a business. With the end of the ethnic conflict, commercial transportation of goods, insurance and other commodity prices have fallen down which paved way to less financial arrangements costs are much lower with dawn of peace that added much more competitive edge over other destination in the area. Therefore country has more advantage to access too many products via free trade agreement with India and Pakistan. In recent study (Amnugama, 2009), business is profitableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. Weaknesses a) Infrastructure issues Limited rail networks available throughout the country where rail travel is much more difficult which take 10 hours journey to reach Batticoloa and hill country and to East province. In recent study (Wijesinha, 2009), lack of infrastructure in the eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b) How does the poverty can be a constraint to the development of the tourism industry in Sri Lanka? According to the World Bank report Sri Lanka is under developed country with per capita income in average us $ 810 per year. However the poverty being reduces over the past four decades. But still it is 35% of 19 million living under poverty line. The reason of this situation is continuous political unrest and unsuitable economy policies in the country. Mackee et al., (2007), described lack of skills of the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Furthermore social constrains are the main areas that have effects on tourism which encourage prostitution and child abuse. It is very often as a growing problem that male and female unemployed young job seeker are attracted to tourist areas willing to do whatever jobs to earn an income. Today it estimates more than 5000 children are being used in child prostitution in Sri Lanka. In recent study (Samarasuriya, 1997), showed that prostitution became a huge issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Environmentalist groups intervention on some tourist attraction sites due to lack of government funding to prevent impact to environment Unfortunately number of issues can identify as environment issues due o lack of environmental assessments (EA) activities in the country .It is difficult to find suitable qualified or professional staff with in the country due to lack of training and funding by government. In addition testing of approved projects effectiveness, this is tested very rarely. Another issue is lack of inter agency co-ordination such as development authority and improper government legislation. Mackee et al., (2007), described lack of skills of the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Governments implementation of buffer zone regulations in coast after the tsunami that makes it difficult get building permission on small-scale tourism business industry especially in rebuilding sites that was under war for past 3 decade Ex: arugubay area. Result from recent survey (Sri Lanka, n.d.), showed that government legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Threats a) Competition of neighbouring countries Asian region recorded double growth in the past two decade of tourism industry, which indicates G.D.P contribution to their economies. Where Sri Lanka is lagged behind where it is difficult to penetrate straight away in to market that easily. According to the Pacific Asia travel association (PATA) revel similar estimate as 6% growth in Asia and Sri Lankas negative commitments and image in tourism industry will remain for sometime in global arena over the competition of its south Asian rivals. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b) Natural threats as Tsunami issues Natural disasters have been a considerable factor that has impact on world tourism industry. Tsunami cost more than 30000 thousand lives and more importantly destroyed the lower and medium scale tourism communities based on the coastal areas since December 2004. . Result from recent study (Bureau of south and Central Asia affairs, 2009), showed negative impact of tsunamià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Influence of World terrorism activities that create negative awareness of countries that had history of terrorism such as Sri Lanka Since the Al Qaeda suicide attacks which was killed 2972 on September 2001. The world travel and tourism council estimates tourism demand reduction 10% and affected world wide not for only America also country like Sri Lanka that had been under long term terrorism is still remained cautioned in European market Bennett and Bray (n.d.) have proposed that impact of terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) Work force migration to developed countries Economic and social complications have influenced to skilled workers to migrate to develop countries such as Europe, America and Australia. Skilled labour migration has become a threat to industry where there is shortfall of skilled labour for some areas of the service industry. In recent survey (Haque, 2005), migration trend and patternà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Global economic crises affect for the industry. Impact of the world tourism badly affect due to global credit crunch in2008.this is clear how effect which indicators shows 6% growth beginning and end of the year it showed 2%. Then it shown negative figures in 2009.as a result people only consider basic need as a security of job and avoid travel plans, which had wider impact on tourism depended countries such Sri Lanka In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Opportunities a) Massive infrastructures projects in East and northern region. As the devastating effects of tsunami and terrorism that lasted north and east part of the country-causing heavy loss on infrastructure. Government plans to develop the area with major projects that support tourism industry as well. In recent study (Gupta, 2005), devastated infrastructure in eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore government planed to manage recover proposals in North West coast. Something such as they address several locations in east beaches like Aru

The Day My Life Changed Essay -- essays papers

The Day My Life Changed I stepped through the door to my grandmother and grandfather's home without even a knock. My grandpa looked up from the television he was watching, from his cozy comer chair. He had a head of snowy white hair gleaming in the room. Over his broad body, hung a navy blue dress shirt and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks, held up awkwardly by a belt, allowing his small potbelly to hang over it. His face showed the years of worry and stress, and his white bushy eyebrows and growing second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drew close to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body and pulled me into a warm loving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, "Grandpa, I have some news I want you to hear" as I plopped down in the chair beside him. "I wanted to let you know that I am getting married," I told him. The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a brief period of time, as we recovered from the intensity of the news I had brought him. Reaching for the remote to turn off the television, my grandfather looked at me. Before he could say a word, the excitement of an unseen grandmother came from the kitchen. Both our eyes looked toward the cheerful light and the sounds of my grandmother's excitement As the excitement faded away, his eyes turned toward mine. Awaiting his comments, my eyes were open wide. Excitement had filled my body, because of the news I had just brought him. "Wonderful, go ahead...

Democratic and Republican main constituencies and the current trends Essay

                 The two great political parties are one of the major political systems that were not envisaged by the founding for fathers. The two features that were constituted encompassed constitutional frameworks that encouraged the two party developments. The Electoral College, which was at least modified by the twelve amendments along with the single member district which, while not mandated constitutionally has been the rule rather than exception as from back 1970s. This tended to channel the politician into two major parties, each being incentivized to get majority backing and every party seeking to discipline factions as a coherent whole. The Republican and the Democratic parties are the oldest and also the third oldest political parties in the globe to date. The British conservative party, if dated from the Disraeli’s rebellion against Sir Peel Robert of the Corn Law in 1846 takes the second position of the oldest parties. (Alan, 2010).                   The Democratic Party can be dated since 1832, when the backers of incumbent president Jackson Andrew did organize a democratic national convention so as to nominate their hero for presidency along with his political manager Martin van Buren for the position of vice president. Since then, the democrats have met every four years period in unbroken string of 45 convections.                  The Republican political party was formed in the year 1854, either in Michigan, Ripon, Jackson or Wisconsin in opposition to what was termed as Kansas Nebraska act. The Republicans have met since 1856 every four years in national conventions. The Democrats and the Republicans constituencies                   These two political parties, since the ancient times have existed through the loyalty of constituencies. Without the aid of these constituencies, nothing at all can happen to boost them. These constituencies are the ones who vote and donate money to run these political parties. For instance, the democratic political party enjoys the following constituencies: the unionized labor, the ethnic minorities, the most women, the urban power blocks and the educated urbanites. These constituencies are the ones that contribute funds for this Democratic Party and give the votes to the flag bearers to ensure the perpetuity of the party. On the other hand, the Republican political party enjoys the following constituencies: the big businesses in the country, the massive corporations, almost all the defense related businesses, the small businesses, the health related businesses, the Christians, the National rifle association and the fundamentalists. It is very important to note that these groups are much generalized. Of course, not every woman or American- African guy will vote for the Democratic political party and not each and every business person will vote Republican. But these parties have allied themselves with the majority of the participants in these constituencies. In some of the instances, the political parties have been chosen by the constituencies instead of the other way round but the party policy and rhetoric speaks directly to these constituencies (Alan, 2010). Even if not always the fact, the parties wants to create the impression that they care about the interests of these groups. In Group and Out Group                     The main strength of the Republican Party is that their core constituencies are seen as undeniably and hence uniquely Americans or the natives. The main constituencies of the Republican Party is the people who are seen by other people or themselves or to put it in other words as the in group. In the 19th century, this in group mainly consisted of the Northern white Protestants. Today, this group mainly consist of the white married Christians and the most prosperous business people. The vital strength of the Republican Party constituencies is the composition of it of the uniquely and perhaps the undeniably American. The main weakness that this party has faced all through is that their core constituency has never been enough by itself to make the majority of the population of the Americans. America is seen by the outside world as being uniquely diverse country, but the fact is the US has been a diverse state always, ethnically, regionally, radically an d religiously. This regional diversity is the one that made Henry Adams to begin his American history in the Madison and Jefferson administration through a description of three main regional cultures that he segregated as: the South, Middle States and the New England. More diverse religiously, that the founders prohibited the nationally established churches. And also vowed not to interfere with any established churches in any state. More racially diverse that the 20 percent of the counted Americans in the first census of 1790 were the black slaves who are now the black Americans (Passelsand, 2002).                  On the other hand, the main constituency of the Democratic political party has always been the people who are seen by the outsiders and also by themselves as some people other than the ordinary Americans or in other words the outside groups. During the 19th century, these out groups constituted the White southern along with the urban Catholic of the immigrants’ origin and also the minor groups such as Mormons. Currently, these out groups includes, the highly educated seculars, the black Americans, and the single women and also the meager group of people that consist of Gays and lesbian (even though this is the only group that voted less democratic in 2008 than 2004) Current trends in the Republican and Democratic parties                  The major politics in America is changing rapidly and a very powerful demographic concatenation force is transforming the American electorates and also reshaping the main political parties. As the demographic transformation continues, the reshaping will always continue. The democratic political party will become more deepened to the constituencies that supported Barrack Obama in the his 2008 historic victory, and the republican party will be forced to dig hard into the center to compete for more constituencies.                     These trends are majorly being forced by the current activities that are taking place in the world, mainly the political aspect and the racial part of the concerned groups. For instance, the Iraq war that took place recently. This shifted the support of many Asian-American people to the Democratic Party. There is a widespread abandonment of the Republican Party by the Asian-Americans.                     According to the released data by the institute of politics at the Harvard university which was gathered from an online survey of 2525 18-24 year old, 47 percent of these youth currently identify themselves as democrats, 15% as republican and 39% as independent. This makes them more affiliated to the Democratic Party than any other ethnic group except the Africans. A Korean- American Betsy Kim, 44, sees a clear shift of the Asian American youth towards the Democratic Party. Kim says that the Asian –American of her age and younger lean to the Democratic Party due to the benefits that the party is doing to the communities of color (BEN, 2007).                  This is the pattern that is being repeated from constituency to the other and most of the states are moving towards the democratic direction. In the state of Pennsylvania, the white working class decreased by 25 points between the period 1`988 to 2008 while the white college students increased 16 points and also the minority by 8 points. In the Nevada city, the white who are the working class decreased by 24 points over this period and the minority voter up by 19 points with whiten college graduate by 4 points. These series of trends will continue and by 2040 the United States will be majority-Minority nation. So the Republican Party should seek more backing and restructure its politics so as to keep up with the ongoing trends. References Alan Berubeand others, (2010). State of metropolitan America. Washington: Brookinggs Institution. P. 50-63 Ben Adler 12/20/07Asian-American youth trend Democratic. PrintPasselsand Cohen, (2002). Us populations projections 2005-2050. Lopez and Minushkin. (2008). National latinos survey. Hispanic voter Attitudes Source document