How is Crooks Depicted in Of Mice and Men? Essay

We see that Crooks falls into the lower, working class category. We know this because the people on the ranch look down on him because he is black and hasn’t got as many rights as the white men in the working class. We think that Steinbeck tries to show that it he is in the lower class by showing the segregation and discrimination put upon Crooks. He had shown that it was normal to be racist in the 1930’s because when the men called Crooks a nigger, they didn’t mean to hurt Crooks by it. As everyone is racist, others think its normal to discriminate and racially abuse Crooks and think nothing of it. The effect on the reader is that it shocks them to see the men using the word nigger and having no effect on the other men on the ranch by saying it. This is because nowadays, it is unlawful to discriminate against colour or race so if the word nigger is used to discriminate today, many people will feel disgraced. Today we think that Crooks would fall into the higher working class as he is polite, friendly, hardworking and old, Disregarding his colour as today the colour of someone’s skin doesn’t make a difference. Crook’s class is evident as he is segregated From the white men by living in the barn and doesn’t socialise with them because of the jim crow laws limiting the social rights of the black people. Another reason for why Crooks isnt allowed to socialise is because of the KKK who would attack anyone who associated with Crooks so people were to scared to do that. He is treated like a pet because he has less possessions than his owner (boss. ) he has a bed which is a box of straw. Also his name is discriminating him once again by judging his appearance and drawing attention to his disability. We think that if the Jim Crow laws didn’t exist, Crooks would have been able to break the barrier between some of the white men who were interested in making friends and loaning for some company. However, we think that even if Jim Crow laws didn’t exist, some men would still be treated differently. An example is Lennie, Candy and Curley’s wife. We think that Steinbeck is interested in opening the doors to the different segments of society in the 1930’s. He intends to show how black people were severely segregated and separate so that Crooks’ ability to socialise with the white men was prevented.

An in-depth view on Alcohol

AbstractionThis research survey will look into and analyse farther on how intoxicant in gargles is involved in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease and will reexamine some related literature which has linked the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease and alcohol-containing gargles. This survey purpose to bring forth relevant informations, proper intercessions and proposal to modulate the production of these merchandises depending on the analysis and consequence. The Dental Association claims that a nexus between intoxicant incorporating gargles and malignant neoplastic disease development has been established and concluded that there is a possible nexus with multiple long term utilizations of intoxicant incorporating gargles but more research and survey is required before this can be decidedly said to be. Thus this survey will function as an instrument to clear up the relationship of malignant neoplastic disease development and intoxicant containin g gargles. The mark of this survey are the commercialised intoxicant incorporating gargles that will be subjected to sensitive survey and analysis utilizing the proper engineering and chemical science to get in a more complex and choice research merchandise.Introduction:Datas based from epidemiological surveies provide small background and penetration on how intoxicant increases the possibility or hazard for the development of assorted malignant neoplastic diseases. In some malignant neoplastic diseases, intoxicant is believed to play a critical causal function. For others a malignant neoplastic disease, such as chest and liver malignant neoplastic diseases, alcohol believed to play an indirect causal function by mechanisms sweetening that causes malignant neoplastic disease. Researches analyzing at these mechanisms through direct and indirect causal consequence may cast visible radiation on function of intoxicant in the development of malignant neoplastic diseases. Carcinogenic consequence of intoxicant is now linked in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Chiefly this alcohols thought to be found in gargle which is intoxicant based. This phenomenon may be explained by its interaction with enzymes. These assorted enzymes that usually assist our organic structure to detoxicate the substances that enter our systems can besides increase the hazard of toxicity degree in some carcinogens.The Problem This survey will seek reply and clear up the effects of intoxicant based gargle and its contributory factor for the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. Specifically, reply the inquiry â€Å"Is there a important consequence of utilizing intoxicant based gargle in the development of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease? †Background of the ProblemThe job statement of this research is indispensable to clear up the old surveies and other contradictions about the topic of involvement. Through this survey, issues refering the consequence of ethanal incorporating gargles will be clarify and will bring forth relevant information in the development of medical intercession specially oncological scientific discipline. There are research surveies that have been established the relationship between intoxicant usage and malignant neoplastic disease. This hazard is due to alcohol constituent depending on the sort of malignant neoplastic disease. The strongest associations between malignant neoplastic disease intoxicant utilizations are with oral cavity, esophageal, laryngeal, chest, guttural, and liver malignant neoplastic diseases. A survey conducted by Dental Professor Laurence Walsh, MD, the caput of the University of Queensland ‘s School of Dentistry, says that there are a figure of grounds why some gargles would really cut down the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease development because their primary mechanism will impairs the molecules production like ethanal that which is considered as a carcinogenesis. Dr. Walsh assumes that there is grounds and literature which has support from local and international research organisations that alcohol incorporating gargles used to cut down bacteriums which produce ethanals are non linked to malignant neoplastic disease. Contrary to the survey conducted by Dr. Walsh, ethanal, harmonizing to Dr. McCullough have is a toxic byproduct of intoxicant and suspected to be carcinogenic that will lend to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease development. He besides said that these by merchandises may remain and may be accumulate in the oropharyngeal pit when these alcohol incorporating gargles is being used and he says that there is no grounds demoing the these chemical component or molecule could either prevent or stamp down the development of malignant neoplastic disease. Experts on malignant neoplastic disease development recommends that there may be increased on the possible hazard in utilizing gargles incorporating intoxicant and recommends to be more cautious against the usage of these strong alcohol-based oral cavity rinse particularly among coffin nails tobacco users to cover up the odor of coffin nail fume – they say more surveies and researches is required into such merchandises to set up the facts. In responses to the old surveies and researches, this research proposal will seek to garner the most accurate and recent informations to carry through the necessary factor in set uping facts related to alcoholic based gargle and the malignant neoplastic disease development.Review of Related Literature: Researches is begins to concentrate their surveies on the mechanisms by which intoxicant induces or potentates the development of malignant neoplastic diseases in human and, hence, develop intercession on how to forestall it. Scientists are besides making researches to find the impact of these merchandises in the phases of malignant neoplastic disease development ( Rothman,1999 ) .Surveies:Some initial surveies show that intoxicant may impact development of malignant neoplastic disease, at the degree of familial by transforming genes mannerism in the publicity and induction phases of malignant neoplastic disease. It has already been suggested that, a merchandise of intoxicant metamorphosis which is acetaldehyde alters cell ‘s natural ability to retrace or mend its DNA that consequences in a greater likeliness that cause mutants induction in the development of malignant neoplastic disease ( Espina, et Al, 1988 ) . It has late been suggested that intoxicant exposure may ensue in over look of certain transforming genes in human cells and, thereby, trigger malignant neoplastic disease publicity ( Kharbanda, et Al, 1993 ) Although there is less grounds that intoxicant itself is a carcinogen, which will be the chief focal point of this survey, by sweetening of the carcinogenic effects of other substances and chemicals, intoxicant may move as cocarcinogen. Some surveies indicate for case that intoxicant enhances ability of baccy to additions and stimulate formation of tumour in rats ( Garro, et Al, 1990 ) . â€Å"In worlds, the hazard for oral cavity, esophageal and tracheal malignant neoplastic disease is 35 times greater for persons who smoke and drink at the same clip than for people who neither fume nor drink, this imply the of import interaction of cocarcenogenesis between intoxicant and tobacco-related carcinogens† ( Blot, et al,1988 ) . Acetaldehyde is one of the by merchandise of intoxicant. This chemical compound anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on experimental done on animate beings suggests sufficient grounds of carcinogenicity ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) . When this compound was administered by inspiration, this will increased the incidence of glandular cancer and squamous and epithelial cell carcinomas in the rhinal mucous membrane in mice of both sexes. The same determination was concluded in laryngeal carcinomas in hamsters of both sexes. In another survey utilizing inspiration, in a lower degree of exposure and in survey utilizing intratracheal instillment, there is no increased incidence of tumours in soecimens was observed. A research conducted in an aldehyde works reported nine instances of malignant neoplastic disease, including two instances of carcinomas of the unwritten pit and ?ve instances of bronchial tumours. This research survey was considered to be rating unequal because of assorted exposure, the little figure of instances, and the hapless population specifying. Among these instances, three surveies utilizing instance control investigated the hazard of unwritten, pharynx, and esophageal malignant neoplastic diseases following heavy intoxicants intake. â€Å"These surveies systematically showed an increased hazard of this malignant neoplastic disease in persons with familial polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metamorphosis of ethanal ; these polymorphisms were associated with higher blood concentration of ethanal following intoxicant intake† ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) .Research Design Epidemiologic and experimental research method will be the suggested research design which may include cohort and case-control surveies. Cohort surveies can be either prospective or historical ( Breslow and Day, 1980 ) .The medical history of a cohort of topics is built in the historical cohort survey to see the specifying cohort of those who were exposed to a hazard factor. The incidence rate of those persons who exhibit the manifestations or disease among capable who had been exposed is compared with the incidence rate of manifestations or disease among an group which is non exposed. In this survey, the footing of comparing is population rate. In the simplest type of this survey design two groups ( cohorts ) of topics would be identified, one of which will be exposed to a specific intercession related to the survey, an wellness hazard factor, and the other group will non. The rate at which individuals without the disease ( known as noncases ) are transformed into individuals with the disease ( designated as instances ) is referred to as incidence rate. These two groups of people will be followed over a specific period of clip. One group will be exposed to a hazard factor and the other group will non. â€Å"The exposure of the individual over clip, called individual clip, is measured uniformly in hours, yearss, months or old ages from the clip of the beginning of the exposure to the end point of the exposure under study† ( Breslow, N. E. & A ; Day ) .The measuring of the individual clip per group is by the amount of the exposure times for every members in the group. In incidence rate surveies, the proportion of instances per cumulative person-time, for those in the open group, is compared to that in the unexposed group ( Breslow, N. E. & A ; Day ) . The magnitude of the comparative hazard indicates the strength of the relationship between incidence and exposure. A comparative hazard of integrity indicates that there is no common difference between the incidence hazards from the group exposed than that from the group being. Statistical intervention and other method of analysis will be discussed in the existent presentation to incorporate all the constructs and thoughts applied in this research survey.Expected Consequences The consequence of this survey will be subjected to statistical analysis based on epidemiological surveies to make critical consciousness and systematic apprehension of the topic being studied. The information and analysis will help the research workers in doing generalisations, supporting averments, and analyzing possible result options to build a plausible statement. The research worker will anticipate more accurate consequence with valid and believable informations to develop theoretical apprehension in the development of intercession and betterment medical pattern in oncology and familial biological scienceMentionsBlot, W.J. ; McLaughlin, J.K. ; Winn, D.M. ; Austin, D.F. ; Greenberg, R.S. ; Preston-Martin, S. ; Bernstein, L. ; Schoenberg, J.B. ; Stemhagen, A. ; and Fraumeni, J.F.Smoke and imbibing in relation to unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer Research48 ( 11 ) :3282-3287, 1988. Breslow, N. E. & A ; Day, N.E. ( 1980 ) . Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Vol 1-The Analysis of Case-Control Studies, International Agency for Research on Cancer:Lyon, pp. 1-40, 73-78, 84-115, 122-157, 280-289, 349-351. Breslow, N. E. & A ; Day, N.E. ( 1987 ) . Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Vol II-The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, pp.21, 65, 108-109, 336-344, 363-365. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. E8 General Considerations for Clinical Trials.Federal Registervol. 62, no. 242, 12/17/1997, 6613-6619. Espina, N. ; Lima, V. ; Lieber, C.S. ; and Garro, A.J. In vitro and in vivo repressive consequence of ethyl alcohol and ethanal on 06methylguanine transferase.Carcinogenesis9 ( 5 ) :761-766, 1988. Garro, A.J. , and Lieber, C.S. Alcohol and malignant neoplastic disease.Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 30:219-249, 1990. IARC. 1985. Allyl Compounds, Aldehydes, Epoxides, and Peroxides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, vol. 36. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer. 369 pp. IARC. 1987. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Supplement 7. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer. 440 pp. IARC. 1999. Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine, and Hydrogen Peroxide. IARC Kharbanda, S. ; Nakamura, T. ; and Kufe, D. Induction of the c-jun proto-oncogene by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism during exposure of human cuticular keratinocytes to ethanol.Biochemical Pharmacology45 ( 3 ) :675-681, 1993. McCullough, M. D. ( 2007 ) Australian Dental Journal.Oral Medicine, Rothman, K.J. The proportion of malignant neoplastic disease attributable to alcohol ingestion.Preventive Medicine9 ( 2 ) :174-179, 1999.

European Settlers Essay

European settlers went through many changes after the discovery of New America because of Christopher Columbus voyage. The Europeans accidentally found the American land which was originally owned by Native American tribes. The Native American culture was very liberal and had very different lifestyles when it came to beliefs in religion, owning land, medicines, hunting farming and family. The Native Americans did not see people as enemies and believed that many people could be invited to join their tribes. The Natives taught the Europeans of their survival skills which included farming, hunting and tools. The Europeans later took advantage of the Native Americans benefits and weaknesses. The Europeans discovered that the Indians had lots of unclaimed land and saw their governing rules as weak. Europeans settlers disagreed with Native American religion, celebration, music, medicines and saw the male as weak. The reason the male Indians were looked at as weak was because they would constantly hunt and the woman would stay and handle all the labor at the tribes. In result, the European people began learning more of the culture and disagreeing with the lifestyles leaning more toward a governed political aspect. Europeans did benefit in many ways of the discovery of the â€Å"New America† since they came up with the idea of taking over the so called unclaimed lands, controlling the Indians and turning this into their very own. Soon the European settlers were all migrating to America in seek of farming and land ownership. Since the Europeans learned of all the work that needed to be done they then turned to slavery of people from Africa. The Europeans did not want to have to work constantly and put in infinite hours to the hard labor so this is why slavery became a great way for them to complete their projects. The European settler’s mindset was focused on riches and power. They did not care of the African slaves and their emotions. The Africans were looked at as showing less value than an animal and were a huge impact during the American migration era. The Europeans invested a lot in farming, human sale, and human trade. Their African slaves were to maintain rice, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton. The Africans did not have any rights and were contracted to work with belief in owning possible land and freedom. Unfortunately, this was a way to keep their slaves working with hopes of something in return which was a false hope. The slaves were treated very bad and had no rights. The men were not allowed to get married and were worked constantly. Not only were the men and woman slaves treated badly they had no authority to be educated. It was seen in Europeans eyes that slaves were not allowed to read and write.

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Thinking Questions - Essay Example Training for a profession subtly and overtly reinforces attitudes like trusting or not trusting. Lawyers, accountants or law-enforcement personnel are trained to detect/punish the law-breaker. So they tend to look only at the transgressions of law that people indulge in, and mistrust them for these. The social worker is trained to help and rehabilitate. Rehabilitation is done by building emotional bridges with a person, and this can be achieved only on the basis of trust. Therefore, social workers tend to trust more than those in the law-enforcing professions. People adhering to a certain value system tend to choose professions that mirror that value system. So you have a ‘policeman mentality’ person become a cop, whose mental attitudes are also reinforced by training as a cop. There are, of course, exceptions, as always, to this ‘rule’. It is possible to be both politically astute and trusting. To be a trusting boss one needs to be open, but to be politically astute one need not necessarily conceal. Assuming that the purpose for being politically astute is the achievement of success, it is possible to be successful without concealing. As a boss, trust is built among one’s employees or followers if one establishes one’s credibility. If a boss shows that she does what she does, for the organization as a whole, and keeping in mind the welfare of her people, she will always have their backing, even when she is forced to make unpleasant decisions. Political astuteness leads to success as a leader, if one works for the common good and not just for self. One of the best examples of a combination of political astuteness and openness in a leader is Mahatma Gandhi. He was a very open person with high moral principles. He was politically canny too—he used the much-touted British adherence to the principle of fairness and justice and the British

San Andreas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

San Andreas - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that when a beautiful woman, a mother of a teenage daughter, leaves her handsome and extremely brave husband working as a firefighter to live with some cunning and extremely wealthy city architect it is no wonder that skyscrapers start falling and the earth literally cracks down.   That is how ancient Greeks would probably perceive the movie â€Å"San Andreas† because they believed in Gods and their ultimate revenge for human mistakes.   The slogan of the movie is more than eloquent: â€Å"Who you will be with when everything falls apart† and it makes viewers believe that this is more than just a family drama and more than just a disaster film. Being a disaster film â€Å"Sa Andreas† seems to be based on a drama of a good quality. Unfortunately, the plot cannot impress viewers with its originality but this fact must be attributed to the genre of disaster film in general. â€Å"San Andreas† does what a good mo vie of this kind must do: impress viewers, evoke fear and loath, bring in life apocalyptic sensations and images.   Despite such seemingly unpleasant characteristics disaster movies remain really popular, especially among Americans. It is because disaster films prove to be very successful at the box office, and â€Å"San Andreas† is not an exception.   It depicts a nuclear family on the edge of divorce being caught in the area struck by a series of natural catastrophes.  Ã‚  

Literature review of proportional hazards model Research Paper

Literature review of proportional hazards model - Research Paper Example The prime factor that makes the modeling of preventive maintenance complicated is the quantification of the preventive maintenance’s effect at different intervals. This research is meant to model the preventive maintenance using the proportional hazard model. Objectives of the research The objectives of this research are: To develop a realistic model of preventive maintenance scheduling To introduce a heuristic approach to implement the proportional hazard model for preventive maintenance scheduling To use the full condition history of the equipment for scheduling the successive interval of preventive maintenance Methodology Appropriate explanatory variables will be used to fit two proportional hazard models, one for the equipment’s life after the corrective work, and the other for the equipment’s life after the preventive maintenance. The next interval of preventive maintenance will be scheduled using the two models within a simulation framework. Two distinct cr iteria will be used to estimate the schedules of optimal preventive maintenance, one of which will be a fixed horizon while the other will be the maximization of availability in one interval of preventive maintenance. ... Work Plan Time Activity End of August 2012 Approval of research proposal 1 September 2012 to 1 November 2012 Literature review 1 November 2012 to 1 January 2013 Data collection 1 January 2013 to 30 January 2013 Data analysis 1 February 2012 to 15 February 2013 Documentation of results 16 February 2013 to 30 March 2013 Thesis writing and editing 15 April 2013 Thesis submission and defense Literature review of proportional hazard model: The Proportional Hazard Model The proportional hazard model is one of the most widely employed statistical models in the field of engineering and biometrics where it is used for the analysis of survival data. Measurement error is common to happen in the biometric studies. It is hard to measure the variables of interest without making substantial errors. This imparts the need to make use of surrogates. Plugging in the surrogate yields a naive estimate that can be suspected for bias. Cox was the first to propose the proportional hazard model in the year 1 972. The proportional hazard model offers an analysis of the multivariate regression. Impacts of various covariates that affect a system’s TTF are estimated by this model. The proportional hazard model is used in different kinds of applications in the analysis of lifetime data. It is a very flexible and general model. These properties of the Proportional Hazard Model played a big role in its wide and quick adoption in different fields between the 1970s and the 1990s. These fields included but were not limited to economics, health service and biomedical research (Miller 1). â€Å"The proportional hazards model is often used in survival analysis (medical testing) studies. It is not used much with engineering data† (â€Å"Proportional hazards model†). The proportional

Spanglish Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanglish - Term Paper Example This aspect of Spanglish is also properly discussed in the paper. Spanglish and its History Spanglish is one of the most common languages among the Hispanic Americans. It is nothing but a mixture of English and Spanish. According to Oxford English Dictionary, Spanglish can be described as â€Å"a type of Spanish contaminated by English words and forms of expression, spoken in Latin America† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). The word ‘Spanglish’ was first used by Salvador Tio who was a Puerto Rican journalist. In 1952, Tio used this term in a newspaper article. Quite expectedly many consider him as the creator of this word. Some of the articles that were written by Tio in early days contained few Spanglish words which are humorous in nature. However, most of those words were not used later. As a result initially there was some confusion regarding legitimate examples of Spanglish. Apart from Tio there are experts like Nash and Fairclough who tried to gain insight into this language (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). At present, Spanglish is considered as one of common languages especially in the places like Los Angeles where a major section of the population is ‘Hispanic’. ... Some of the Spanglish sentences are found to be Spanish dominated whereas some are mostly English in nature. Over the last two decades, use of Spanglish has increased significantly with the increase in the number of people who are migrated from Latin American countries to United States. English has collided with Spanish on a regular basis in workplaces, retail stores and classrooms (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Such collisions between two of the most respected languages in the world has developed the growth track of Spanglish. The unique language is found to be very popular among the young people in United States. According to, Ilan Stavans who is an expert of Latino culture, Spanglish is a â€Å"jazzy and a very creative way of being Latino in the U.S. today† (Thomas, Jeffrey. â€Å"Spanglish Offers Stepping-Stone to English†). Stavans is a self-declared promoter and admirer of Spanglish who has defined the language as â €Å"the verbal encounter between Hispano and Anglo civilizations† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). Spanglish and Media Globalization In America people who speak in Spanglish are those who have enough knowledge of Spanish but follow American culture. They use clipped and shorter phrases rather than using longer and graceful expressions. Such style is found to be very much suitable in America where ‘time is money’ (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Most importantly Spanglish speaking people in US are likely to have the spending power of almost 200 billion dollar. As a result, many companies are eager to make the best out of this huge market. It is found that

Proficiency tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proficiency tests - Essay Example The test consists of 4 sections: reading (36-70 questions), listening (34-51 questions), speaking (6 tasks), and writing (2 tasks). TOEIC is a test designed to measure English language skills for business. There are two types of TOEIC tests: Speaking and Wring Test, Listening and Reading Test. Employers from all over the world use TOEIC tests to evaluate the proficiency of a potential employee to communicate in English. Listening and Reading test consists of 2 sections, and students are given 2,5 hours to complete it. Speaking tests consists of 11 questions to be answered in 20 minutes. Writing test has 8 tasks to be completed in an hour. IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. The test is to measure person’s reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The test has an Academic version for those who take it for studying purposes, and a General Training version, which evaluates the person’s ability to live and work in an English-speaking environment. In general the test is designed to be taken for studying, immigration, and employment. At first a test taker has to take reading (1 hour) and writing (1 hour) tests. Then is the turn of the listening (30 min) and speaking (11-14 min)

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Lab Report Example The second set of images showed the same trend as the first. An original image with noise added can be smoothed through the moving average filter and the noise reduced. As in the first set of images, the greater the span, the smoother the image, but there is also a greater of loss of detail. With this increased span, the (20 span) image (figure 1.1) was almost indistinguishable from the original image. When EDGE_TRUNCATE is applied to a noisy image using the moving average filter, the noise in the image decreases. However, as the span is increased, the image becomes smoother and loses definition. Without EDGE_TRUNCATE, a narrow band of noise remains around the image, this band increases as the span increases. The middle of this image has less definition than the image with EDGE_TRUNCATE. An original image had noise applied to it. The noisy image was then manipulated by applying the moving average filter with 5 span and median filter with med width 5 with shot strength 3000 to the image. The image that resulted had the noise reduced, but the image was blurry, it was smoother than the noisy image and had lost a great deal of detail. When the noisy image had the median filter applied to it, there was a narrow band around the image edge that retained the noise, but the objects in the image had no noise. The image that resulted using the median filter (figure 2.1) was smoother, with indistinguishable noise, and there was a sharper edge on the objects in the image than the moving average filter image. A shot strength of 3000 was used on an image, noise was added. The image was examined using the average filter with a span of 5. This image showed a minor reduction in noise and smoother objects. The median filter image was then compared to the moving average filter image. The objects in this image were sharper and more distinguishable (figure 2.2A), the noise in the image

Check processing before check 21 legislation Term Paper

Check processing before check 21 legislation - Term Paper Example k 21 legislation, previous law was made in a way that banks were forced to accept â€Å"Presentment† that was a unique check made of paper before transferring funds to other accounts. The old Check processing system was exceedingly slow comparing to the electronic system and customers had to wait for their Check clearance for two to three days (Bauer and Gerdes). The check clearing process before legislation 21 was complicated as it requires Federal Reserve to receive Checks from banks where they have been deposited, sort them in an organized manner, adding the amount of payment for deposited banks and delivering Checks from where there were drawn. This was the main source of income for Federal processing as forward items used to generate profits. Before legislation 21, paper Check accounted for more than 60% of the noncash payment in the year 2000. The Federal Reserve System used to process large number of paper Checks physically, but even before the emergence of legislation 21, the paper Check processing was declining because of its complications. The customers used to face different types of problems before this legislation, and they were not properly secured against unauthorized payments of paper Checks (Wheelock and Wilson). This legislation brought new measures of safety that the previous system was unable to implement. There was a fra ud case for Hauser Contracting Co. in which a thief obtained Check of stock that was used for paying employees. He made many Checks of payroll and withdrawal more than $24,000. These types of fraud were particularly common when paper Checks was used by the banks (Abagnale). The banks previously were not used to give any canceled Checks back to the customer, and they were only able to see the documents of Checks that were paid. Another disadvantage of the previous system was that banks were not able to processed claims made for paper Checks and they used to take more time for investigation. The electronic Check system after

The Battle of the Sexes in Christianity and Islam Essay Example for Free

The Battle of the Sexes in Christianity and Islam Essay We can observe the differences in marriage bonds between different religions such as a Christian marriage and a Muslim marriage in the passage â€Å"The Battle of the Sexes in Christianity and Islam†. In the Christian faith their religion considers women to be the origin of obedience. It is quoted in the text â€Å"Wives, be subject to your husbands because when harmony prevails, the children are raised well, the household is kept in order†¦ and great benefits, both for families and for states results†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (180). It is shown in this passage wives are the main cause for having their family kept in order although they could not do this independently without their husbands. When it is said â€Å"husband and wife are one flesh† this refers to a Christian marriage of a husband and wife as they are devoted towards one another in the act of love. In the Christian marriage they are deemed equivalent to each other. According to the text it is quoted that â€Å"one’s partner for life, the mother of one’s children, the source of one’s every joy, should never be fettered with fear and threats, but with love and patience†¦Ã¢â‚¬  another quote towards a husband figure states† let no wife say any hurtful thing; she is her husbands body, and it is not for her to dictate to her head, but rather to submit and to obey†(180). Through this Christian bond the husband and wife should be submissive to each other by treating each other with respect. As quoted from personal religion notes â€Å"two shall become one. One man and one woman are united under God in the holy sacrament of Matrimony. † With this being stated the marriage bond for Christians verifies a husband and wife to be cohesive as one individual. In Islam spouses are perceived quite differently. According to the passage it is quoted â€Å"do not burden your wives with things beyond their capacity, and observe God’s exhortations relating to your wives, for they are like slaves in your hands† (181). This quote has stated in a Muslim marriage their bonds are quite similar to slavery. The woman is a slave, but should not be harmed, overworked, or treated as low as one. Dissimilar from a Christian marriage spouses are united as one, in a Muslim marriage the husband is somewhat superior to the wife. Men could use violence to reveal their supremacy towards their wife, although the husband is only allowed to use this violence as a final act, while in many cases this is used right away.

Project of using the wireless sensor network (WSN) Essay Example for Free

Project of using the wireless sensor network (WSN) Essay In the previous era, the technology application mostly using wire but now a wireless device has become commonplace. The definition of the wireless sensor network is an application that having no wires connection on that devices. In addition, to make the system easy to monitor from a distant location, the RF 433MHz module was used. So, this project gave rise to the idea for studying details about the RF 433MHz module performance for WSN application. Project Background Nowadays, using the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the environment helps someone to solve the problems of deployment difficulty, high cost, and realized unmanned monitoring which is mostly used in the factory, buildings, laboratory, and house. This project is to study the range and performance of the RF 433MHz module for WSN application. RF 433MHz module is popularly used in the remote control system. This range also available to use in this area. There are two types of the RF module which is transmitter and receiver. From research, using this module, the data can get more accurate and detailed information than another transmission for the wireless sensor network. The range that can reach by this RF module is different between outside and inside area. For inside area, it can work for 50 meters through multiple walls with an antenna, while for the outside area, it will be able for hundreds of meters. Besides that, a microcontroller such as Arduino also used in this project. Arduino that available for this project is Arduino PRO which is it has 3.3V port that will be easier to connect directly to the transmitter of RF 433MHz module. This project also about to study the analysis of the data transmission by giving a few of distance between the transmitter and receiver of the RF 433MHz modules when located in the obstacles or line of sight area. Then, the data that are received will be displayed on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), whether there are data losses or not. Problem Statement The problem that becoming as issues right now is there is a lot of ways to send data but the problem is about the range, cost, and data losses. So, for this situation, study the performance of RF 433MHz can overcome the problem for the WSN application. Objectives The objectives of this project are to understand the range and performance of RF 433MHz module. Moreover, exploration about the transmitting and receiving the data by using the RF 433MHz module. Work Scope The main work scope of this project is to make sure this project will achieve the objectives. The main focus of this project:- i. To study and understanding the range of RF 433MHz module. ii. To transfer data by using RF 433MHz module. Methodology In this project, there are three main parts. For the first part, it will be focused on the conducting the literature review and do some research more detail about the RF 433MHz module. Meanwhile, for the second part, after the software development process, the hardware development process will take over and include the testing of the project. Last part, when the hardware and software complete their part, it will be followed by testing the performance and the operation of the project. Report Structure This part will explain all the flow for completing this report and project. In this report, there are five chapters. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will introduce the background of the project, state the problems, clear about the objectives, scope of work, planed the methodology and report structure to make it organized. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will be explained more about all the research that has been done. All the previous project also will be stated in this chapter. Then, the summarization for the project also will be attached to this chapter to make it more details. Chapter 3: Methodology The methodology is the method or steps when doing this project. The simulation, analysis, and evaluation of the project will be discussed in this chapter. This method is important because from here the flow of the process for the project will be updated. Chapter 4: Expected Results The expected results in the software or hardware will be stated in this chapter. The comparisons and improvements of this project will be described here. Chapter 5: Conclusion In this chapter, to make a conclusion all the summary for this project was collected in each part will be discussed in the conclusion.

Critical Analysis Of Ted Hughes The Wind English Literature Essay

Critical Analysis Of Ted Hughes The Wind English Literature Essay Ted Hughes wrote his poem The Wind in 1966, like many of his works it is a poem largely focussed on nature. In particular, this poem represents the violence in the natural world and leaves the reader feeling somewhat disturbed by its imagery and the meaning that it may imply. In The Wind Ted Hughes is describing a storm, through the strength of the imagery that he creates, he gives a sense that the weather is alive and therefore the storm has a personality of its own. There is a large contrast between the weather and the people sheltering in the house in The Wind, this contrast passes the perhaps larger message that Hughes is trying to portray. The people seem defenceless and small in comparison to the force of The Wind and moreover the natural world. That being said, The Wind is centrally a poem about relationships; the relationship between people and the natural world. The poem begins with the disturbing metaphor This house has been far out at sea all night, giving the impression that the house is like a boat lost at sea. After the initial storm, the feeling of destruction continues Rang like some fine green goblet this immediately gives the impression that the storm is alive, and leaves the reader picturing it as monstrous. The people Now deep in chairs appear fragile in comparison to this force and grip their hearts conveying the image that they are frightened of the natural world. Moreover, the metaphors describing The woods crashing through darkness, the booming hills gives the idea that even the house has been attacked all night, as if by powerful waves of this metaphorical sea on which it is forcefully being sailed through. The personification on The woods crashing and winds stampeding also continues the imagery that the woods and winds are alive and have a personality. The later, That any second would shatter it portrays the idea that the ho use is threatened by nature, and therefore the people cannot defend themselves from its powerful force. This idea is further enforced by the people seeing the window tremble to come in in the sense that the house wants to surrender to the storm, and therefore the nature is a force far more powerful than humans, this sets the image of the wind being like a giant in comparison to the people. Furthermore, the disturbing imagery becomes more apparent when even the dawn does not bring peace and the storm continues Till day rose. Personification on the word rose here also gives the feeling that nature is alive, as though it is getting out of bed. The further use of alliteration of wind wielded echoes the sound of the wind, and the simile of it Flexing like the lens of a mad eye carries on the continuing personification that wind has a personality; the wind is wild as though it is mad. The idea of the wind being angry is again highlighted Through the brunt wind that dented, giving the image that it is a threat to the narrator and could destroy them. Even the hills are no match for the wind as The tent of the hills drummed and strained its guyrope, this description of the hills being like a tent makes them appear weak, having the potential to be blown away by the strength of this storm. Hughes continues to personify the surroundings with The fields quivering, the skyline a gri mace, making a stronger sense of fear as if the wind is a monster in which the world cannot take on. The ongoing idea that the wind is alive is extended once again when The wind flung a magpie away making the imagery become more disturbing, in the sense that the wind intentionally threw the bird and therefore its personality becomes even more evil. The Wind is structured in six stanzas of four line couplets; each stanza continues the personification of the wind being alive. However, with every stanza we read this theme becomes more apparent through the use of strong imagery, and therefore more disturbing as the poem unfolds. Although this poem appears to be centrally about the relationship between people and the natural world being portrayed as negative, Hughes also uses a metaphor of the people watching the fire blazing, And feel the roots of the house move, in this instance the people are clinging to natural things, perhaps in an attempt to save themselves from the force. Furthermore, the fact that the people are using the house and fire as comfort from the wind could convey the idea that the world is being brought together under the power of the storm. Ted Hughes was married to the American poet Sylvia Plath, Sylvia gassed herself in her kitchen following his affair with another woman.. [1]. Hughes confessed that Plaths death was complicated and inevitable, she had been on that track most of her life.[2]. That being said, The Wind has been described as an extended metaphor about Hughes relationship with his wife [3] if she was on that track most of her life, then the weakness of the people and the house could in fact represent her lack of emotional stability. In this sense, the recurrence of the colour green could represent envy or jealousy that may have been existent in their relationship. Moreover the fragility of the hills, the house and the windows could be a metaphor for how fragile their relationship was. This idea continues with the theme of nature, however, in this case it would refer more to human nature. Ted Hughes The Wind uses a lot of strong imagery and through its continuous personification of the wind being alive we become more disturbed by the nature of the storm in the poem. This poem appears on surface to be a description of the violence of the natural world and its relationship with humans. However if we look into its meaning in more depth, although we will never fully know this without verification from the poet himself, The Wind could in fact be a metaphor for the relationship between Hughes and his late wife Plath. Like nature cannot be altered, human nature cannot be prevented.

The Role and Structure of Greek Tragedy in Philip Roth’s Eli the Fanati

The Role and Structure of Greek Tragedy in Philip Roth’s Eli the Fanatic When one’s in pain—physical, mental, or emotional—one always believes it is worse than everyone else’s. Yet when an acquaintance bemoans a bad day, one still manages to wave it off: it could not be worse than one’s own pain. Even if it is a past pain and there are only scars, those scars are tenderer than the friend’s current sores. Individuals forget that anguish can be shared and another’s intervention can diminish it. This theme has been around for millennia and was particularly explored in the works of Greek tragedians. In Eli, the Fanatic Philip Roth employs structural and thematic elements of Greek tragedy to illustrate that human beings can be responsible for each other’s suffering. One of the essential elements of Greek tragedy, that of the chorus, can be filled in by Ted, Shirley, and even Miriam. They are the residents of Woodenton who call Eli. Traditionally, the chorus plays an active role and can be a sounding and advising board for the protagonist. Ted in particular tries to advise Eli and, like the customary chorus, he represents the masses, the people, in this particular case the town of Woodenton. As Ted informs Eli, â€Å"The Jewish members of the community appointed me, Artie, and Harry to -2 see what could be done† (276). The Greek chorus, in Greek tragedy, represents the masses and often serves to counterpoint the protagonist, and Ted’s near-fanatical grudge against the Yeshiva certainly counterpoints with Eli’s growing benevolence toward them. In Roth’s context, the residents of Woodenton, the Chorus, also serve as a counterpoint to Eli’s guilt. Eli becomes concerned over the Greenie’s happiness a... ...s Eli who, as he awakens to the laws of Gods, also becomes aware that just as there are laws beyond those he preaches, there is pain beyond his own. Greek tragedies were successful in that they taught viewers how to extend their compassion, and Roth duplicates this motive. He suggests that if one is willing to accept the laws of God, then one can also help others. It is an idealistic message perhaps, but when one is suffering, one wants to believe that others are concerned, even if they don’t physically share the pain. -7 Works Cited McDonald, Marianne. â€Å"Seamus Heaney’s Cure at Troy: Politics and Poetry.† Classics Ireland. 1996. University College Dublin. 13 Feb. 2006. ssics/classicsinfo/96/McDonald96.html> Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. NY: Vintage International, 1959.

Shortage of Physicians In Canada Essay examples -- Health Care, Anesth

Introduction to the Issue By 2056 it is expected one in four Canadians will be 65 years or older, compared to 13 per cent currently. This will put a huge strain on the country’s health care system (Macleans, 2008 p.2). The future of Canada’s health care system is at great risk due to its aging population. This is triggering a shortage of physicians, particularly anesthesiologists, in some provinces of Canada (Canadian Medicine Journal, 2007). Anesthesiologists are specialist physicians who provide critical care to patients in a number of health programs: operative anesthesia for patients in all surgical subspecialties, acute pain management, procedural anesthesia, obstetrical care, and high-risk medical management, chronic pain management, resuscitation, advanced airway management, and critical care (Intermountain Healthcare, 2011). The current shortage of anesthesiologists is significantly impacting access to care in each of these health specialties. This paper will address how the lack of fore sight in government policies is worsening the shortage of anesthesiologists in Canada. It will discuss how the implementation of electronic health records, formulation of policies which will improve retention and recruitment particularly in rural areas and Challenges in Health Human Resource Policy and Planning Long Wait Times for Surgeries The Canadian health care system promises universality, portability, and accessibility; unfortunately, it faces political challenges of meeting public needs and demands to make quality improvements in health care. Canadian patients face barriers to gaining access to clinicians and facilities and face longer wait times/delays for surgeries. Many patients endure excessive wait times resulting in... ...ills required to practice and to obtain a license in Canada. This process will include written and oral examinations, as well as a clinical assessment. International Medical Graduates who pass the assessment with satisfactory results, can apply to the College of Physicians and Surgeons to determine their eligibility for conditional registration. And, if they don’t pass the assessment additional training by the Faculty of Medicine will be given in order to meet the licensing requirements. This policy would help provinces of Canada increase the number of qualified foreign anesthesiologists, which will help increase the supply of anesthesiologists delivering patient and surgical care in under-serviced areas in other words rural areas. and focus on strategies to improve accessibility to health care services in rural areas. (Good point—how would you implement this?)

Drugs and Alcohol Essay -- essays research papers fc

Drugs and Alcohol For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? has been a dilemma which American medical experts and government leaders have fought to answer for years. Recently, many institutions and organizations have formed in order to fight the war on drugs and help diminish the percent of Americans who use dangerous drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol. Drugs and alcohol have been part of cultural recreation for thousands of years. Ancient China and India used marijuan thousands of years ago, and Herodotus wrote in the fifth century B.C. of the Scythians? ?burning marijuana on hot rocks and producing a vapor that made them shout out loud?(Duke and Gross 44). Over 7,000 years ago, Peruvian legend attests that llamas which lacked sources of food ate the leafs of the coca plant. The result was increased energy, which led the Peruvians to eat the plant for the same reason (Duke and Gross 66). It is also a well-known fact that ancient tribes still use psychoactive drugs and drink homemade alcohol to enhance religious ceremonies. All of these examples point out that drugs have been around a long, long time, and no solution can possibly wipe out drug use totally. Before being capable of fighting the use of drugs and alchol, one must come to an understanding of why some people use drugs. The decision to ultimately use drugs is influenced mainly in childhood. Whether in a poor ?ghetto? neighborhood, or in a middle-class suburb, all children are vulnerable to the abuse of drugs. Most high-risk children are effected by personal and family circumstances (Falco 51). If a child?s parents are substance abusers, then it is a fairly safe prediction that the child will abuse drugs later in life. Also, early-life experiments with drugs greatly increases the chance of abuse later in life. Academic problems, and rebellious, anti-social behavior in elementary school are also linked to drug problems, in addition to truancy, delinquency, and ear... ...n their goals rather than wasting their lives away by using drugs. In conclusion, drug and alcohol abuse and misuse is a major part of American society. The battle to reduce the rampant use of drugs and alcohol is being fought everyday by America?s schools, families, and politicians. Their goal is simply stated but perhaps impossible to accomplish: to create a ?drug free? society(Duke and Gross 200).However, with the increased help of psychologists, sociologists, and medical officials, perhaps Americans will finally learn the evils which arise from the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Lives are ruined, dreams are shattered, and society loses many important people to alcoholism and drug abuse. Maybe if we are smart it will all stop. Works Cited Duke, Steven B. and Gross, Albert. America?s Longest War: Rethinking our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tragic Crusade Against Drugs. G.P. Putnam?s Sons, New York. 1993. Falco, Mathea. The Making of a Drug-Free America. Times Books. New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1992. Snyder, Solomon H. , editor. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs: Alcohol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Alcoholism. Chelsea House Publishers. New York. 1986.

Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Essay

The Teaching Role and Responsibilities In Education And Training The role of ‘teacher’ is an infinitely varied one, but there certain principles which underpin all aspects of the teaching role. Whether we are attempting to teach from personally acquired experience or knowledge, or from third party information, the process of teaching can be formalized into a structured process with the aim of maximizing the potential for learning. Numerous models exist with the aim of outlining the key stages of this process. For example, Gravells (2010) identifies them as such: Identification of Need →Planning and Design→Delivery/Facilitation→Assessment→Evaluation In order to undertake each of these stages successfully, the role of the teacher becomes multi-faceted. For example, conducting initial interviews with students helps to establish individual aims and identify particular learning styles such as those recognised by Honey & Mumford (1992). This should enable to the teacher to tailor their teaching style and utilize a variety of methods, while also providing an opportunity to set clear goals which can be used as a benchmark when reviewing students’ progress. Accurate documentation of this is essential and forms part of the teachers’ responsibility. Furthermore, whilst undertaking these roles as a teacher, it is vitally important to consider the parameters in which we must operate. These are most likely to be defined by legal requirement – for example the Equality Act (2010) or the policies or the organization for which we may be working. Ultimately, it is down to the individual teacher to ensure their own professional conduct at all times. References: Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 25/11/2014. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Honey P., Mumford A. (1992) ‘The Manual of Learning Styles’ 3rd Ed. Maidenhead, Peter Honey. Summarise Key Aspects Of Legislation, Regulatory Requirements And Codes Of Practice Relating To Own Role And Responsibilities There are many aspects to consider when discussing the conduct of a teacher and the requirements therein. Some of these are legal frameworks, others are more informal but equally important in terms of setting out guidelines for good practice. All of these requirements, when adhered to, help to ensure that as teachers, we are providing a safe, secure and successful learning environment. As students, they provide reassurance that care will be taken to promote inclusivity, maintain trust and ensure wellbeing. Some Codes of Practice will be designed to suit individual environments and will vary accordingly. Therefore care should be taken to ensure we are familiar with the particular requirements of the company or institution in which we are operating. Other codes are overarching and apply in all circumstances. One of the more recent of these is the ‘Statutory Special Educational Needs and Disability System for Children And Young People’ (SEND) which came into force on 1 September 2014 and explains the duties of schools and colleges to provide adjustments and aids for disabled children and young people up to 25. Legal acts which are underpinned by law are further reaching but equally apply. These include things such as the long standing 1974 Health and Safety  and Work Act, which ensures the â€Å"health, safety and welfare of persons at work† as well as â€Å"protecting others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work†. However, in the constantly shifting legal landscape, we should be mindful of new legislation coming into force. Finally, there are, of course, directives issued by professional bodies such the Institute for Learning which has a Code of Professional Practice (2008) covering 7 key areas: Integrity Respect Care Practice Disclosure Responsibility References: Department for Education (2014). ‘SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years’. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25 Accessed 29/11/2014 Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Explain Why It Is Important To Identify And Meet Individual Learner Needs As we have established previously, the first step in the (Gravells, 2010). Teaching and Learning Cycle is ‘Identifying need’. Without properly ascertaining this, the further steps in the cycle become more difficult to achieve and the chance for success is significantly diminished. Furthermore, informing learners of objectives creates a level of expectation for learning (Gagne, 1965). In order to avoid this outcome and the negative implications of failing to succeed, we must have a clear approach. Prior to the start of any learning activity, there will, by necessity be a  process which ostensibly is an administrative exercise. However, these interactions provide an excellent opportunity to engage with students in a way which could provide useful information. For example, noting that a student may have difficulty with grammar or spelling when completing a written questionnaire may indicate a greater need for support with literacy. Or, a student struggling to get to grips with viewing digital information such as a Powerpoint or PDF file could highlight a lack of I.T skill. It is important that we use all of these tools at our disposal, as acknowledging a perceived ‘flaw’ in ourselves is not always an easy thing to do. Students may be unwilling because of stigma or embarrassment or simply through an inability to recognize that a problem exists, which is an issue in roughly 30% of adults (Skills for Life Survey, 2011). However, individual needs may not be only be based on academic ability or skillset, there are a multitude of different needs which may exist and it is important to consider a holistic approach. Some students may have no difficulty with course content but may be distracted by other personal problems which affect their ability to learn. These could include financial difficulty, bereavement or an underlying health issue. Ultimately, the importance of identifying and meeting learners’ needs is about providing the best possibility for successful learning through providing support where it is most needed. References: Gagnà ©, R. M. (1965). ‘The conditions of learning and theory of instruction’ (1st ed.) Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York. Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Skills for Life Survey (2011). Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2011-skills-for-life-survey Accessed 1/12/14. Explain Ways To Maintain a Safe And Supportive Learning Environment As part of providing students with the best opportunity for success, it is crucial that the learning environment is both safe and supportive. These aspects are intertwined in that their aim is to create an environment where consideration for all matters other than the subject itself can be put aside to concentrate on learning. When operating in any environment, safety is the first issue. A risk assessment should be carried out prior to beginning any teaching session to establish whether hazards exist, and if so what extent they pose a risk (Trades Union Congress, 2008). These factors should also be assessed dynamically and any new or developing threat should be treated as a priority. When working in an environment such as a client office or business premises, safety considerations should include awareness of the existing plan of evacuation in case of fire. Any issues which are identified (such as blocked exits etc) should be bought up with the client in a professional manner. Support for learners may be provided in several ways. On a personal level, it is ensuring inclusivity for all students, treating each individual with respect and tolerance, as well as providing individually tailored help to match the needs identified in the first stage of the Teaching and Learning Cycle (Gravells, 2008). However, support is also provided through recognizing the need to give adequate breaks and availability of resources required to undertake the learning process properly. It is vital that consideration is given to these factors in the planning stage so that support may be implemented pro-actively rather than reactively. References: Trades Union Congress (2008) ‘Risk Assessment’. Precision Printing: London. Available online at: http://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/extras/riskassessment.pdf Accessed 1/12/14 Gravells, A (2010) ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’. 3rd Ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Explain Why It Is Important To Promote Appropriate Behaviour and Respect For Others The importance of appropriate behavior is paramount as it will set the correct tone for a learning environment. Fundamentally, it is about the rights of learners to have access to, attend, and participate in their chosen learning experience regardless of their circumstances. (Equality Act, 2010) The best way to promote this is to set the example as the teacher (School of Educators, 2011). This can be achieved in a variety of ways. Ensuring that the planning of any session has been properly executed will help to demonstrate basic values such as organization, efficiency and punctuality and when delivering a session, using appropriate tone and language will exhibit the kinds of behaviour which we want to see reflected in students. It is also important that we are focused on the task at hand and are not distracted by outside influences. Something as simple as switching off a mobile phone could make all the difference. In that regard, requesting students to put their phones into ‘silent’ mode is something which could help to avoid them becoming distracted but also establishes a basic ground rule while not necessarily conveying the same message as ‘please all turn your phones off’. Where undesirable behaviour occurs, it is important to consider whether addressing it may in fact be more of a disruption than the behaviour itself, however, where it needs to be addressed, this should be done so quickly and professionally. However, it is important to note that students, like teachers should incorporate humour into learning. Using humour in the classroom shows that you are human and consequently encourages students to like and respect you. Being able to laugh at yourself when you make a mistake offers a good counterbalance to the moment when you must be strict and so helps lighten the classroom atmosphere (Cowley, 2007) Treating students as individuals but with equal respect will help to promote the same response from them. Therefore, care should be taken to listen to, appreciate and encourage individual contributions, this is especially true in the case of adult learners who bring their own experiences to the learning setting. References: Cowley, S. (2007) ‘Guerilla Guide to Teaching: The Definitive Resource for New Teachers’ (2nd Ed.) Continuum: London. Equality Act (2010). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 04/12/2014. School of Educators (2011). ‘The Characteristics of a Good Teacher’. Available online at: http://schoolofeducators.com/2011/05/the-characteristics-of-a-good-teacher/ Accessed 4/12/14. Explain How the Teaching Role Involves Working with Other Professionals As a teacher, there will always be a requirement to liaise and work with other professionals, and this is likely to occur in a number of ways. When employed in a teaching role, we act as a representative of the organization which employs us, and we have a responsibility to represent that organization in a professional manner. Equally, when dealing with internal colleagues, whether a manager or a colleague at the same level of seniority, we are dutybound to treat others with respect, politeness and courtesy. Values which all form part of the Institute for Learning ‘Code of Practice’ (2008). Remembering that we have a responsibility to act according to these guidelines can be especially important when faced with other professionals who may be challenging or difficult in their approach. For example, in a  client situation, a Manager who is under pressure is annoyed because some of his staff are being abstracted from their usual duties to undertake training. In this situation, it is feasible that a degree of hostility may be directed toward the trainer. In acknowledging the managers concerns and highlighting the benefit of the training both to the staff and the manager, we may be able to defuse the situation rather than escalate it. Of course, students themselves can be professionals and care must be taken to acknowledge the professional standing of adult learners so that we do not condescend or patronize. However, we also have a responsibility to care for our students and where it is highlighted that a student may have a need or issue which requires third party support, we may need to act as an advocate or intervene to flag potential issues. Legislation such as The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) make it potentially necessary to liaise with other professional agencies and, depending on the nature of the matter, it may be appropriate to use care or discretion. In all cases, it is appropriate that we remain professional and impartial. References: Institute for Learning (2008). ‘Code of Practice’ Available at: https://www.ifl.ac.uk/membership/ifl-code-of-professional-practice/view-the-code-of-professional-practice/ Accessed 1/12/2014 Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006). London: HMSO. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/47/section/6 Accessed 4/12/14 Explain the Boundaries Between the Teaching Role and Other Professional Roles In dealing with other professional roles, there must come a point at which the boundaries of our own role are recognized to avoid us ‘overstepping the line’. This can apply on either a professional or personal level and works in two ways: our behaviour toward others and their behaviour towards us. The key basis upon which these boundaries must be drawn are ethics. Ethics can be described as ‘The codes of conduct or moral principles recognized in a particular profession, sphere of activity, relationship, or other context or aspect of human life’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014) In particular, the teaching profession is deeply implicated in ethical concerns and considerations. (Carr, D. 2000.) Therefore, it is an issue which should be constantly at the forefront of our thinking as teachers and an awareness of ethics helps to define the boundaries between us and other professional roles. Some boundaries are not so much an issue of ethics, however, but more of practicality and there must be limits placed on what we can reasonably be expected to achieve. This could, for example, include something such as a client wishing us to condense a lesson into a shorter time to reduce the impact on their business. Whilst the motivation for this may be understandable, it could also be perceived to undermine the value of the lesson itself, or at the very least will have an effect on the quality of the teaching. Recognising this kind of boundary enables us to ensure the integrity of our aims as teachers. Oxford English Dictionary (2014) Available online at: http://www.oed.com/ Accessed 4/12/14. Carr, D. (2000). ‘Professionalism and ethics in teaching’.London: Routledge Describe Points of Referral To Meet The Individual Needs Of Learners The teacher/student relationship is a unique one and often provides opportunities to unearth or identify needs which have previously been unnoticed. These needs may be specific to helping someone become a more effective learner, (such as possible dyslexia) or could be a wider issue in terms of being affecting the individual students’ life beyond the classroom. These wider-reaching needs could be in any area of a persons’ life and broadly speaking, fall into one of 5 categories as identified by Maslow (1943): Our role in providing support to help a student meet the identified need will depend on the particular need itself. For example, a student who is  apparently lacking in one of the ‘upper needs’ such as self-esteem may benefit from more support, praise and encouragement. Some needs, however, will require external or third party input and this is where we may seek to access a point of referral. It may become clear to us in the process of teaching that a student is suffering a crisis affecting their overall wellbeing: Domestic abuse, homelessness, drug or alcohol misuse etc. In this instance, we can play an important role in referring someone to a service or organization who can provide assistance. So as to be sure that we are not misguided, the student themselves should be engaged initially and when help is offered, it can be simply through providing information, or if consent is given, we may choose to act as an advocate. Maslow, A.H (1943). ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’. Psychological Review (50)p.370-396.

Communication Barriers in an Organisation

Question 1. Identify and critically discuss the communication problems and barriers in the communication scenario depicted in the video clip. (563 Words) According to Dr Robbins’s book on Organizational Behavior 2003, effective communication is summarized as the means of encoding a message from the sender, clearly to the receiver through a channel without the actual message being negatively fragmented in the process. Communication problems and barriers occur when the information is distorted before reaching the receiver, creating conflicting assumptions and perceptions than what was intended (Deborah J.Barrett, (2002) Diagram 1 below illustrates an example of a communication model. Decoding Decoding Receiver Receiver Channel Channel Encoding Encoding Source Source Diagram 1: MESSAGE MESSAGE MESSAGE MESSAGE FEEDBACK. Sourced from: Stephen P. Robbin (2003), Organizational Behavior, 10th Ed, Prentice Hall, pp 285. Jack demonstrated poor communication skills when addressing the ne ws. His approach is erroneous, failing to ascertain their reaction and sensitivity when he addressed changes. Jack failed capture the forthcomings of the group’s â€Å"openness to change† (Anuradha Chawla and E.Kevin Kelloway 2003) The employees in the scenario feels uncertain regarding the â€Å"security of their position, their future roles and responsibilities† (J. Allen et al. , 2007 pp. 359 – 364) and how these changes might bring significant impact to them. In effect of Jack’s misreading body language, tone, and other non-verbal forms of communication exhibiting nervousness and guilt, the group is showing signs of disappointing acknowledgement, It could be from rumours they have heard and relied due to the lack of proper information received. Gray & Laidlaw, 2002) Jack’s inability to create the sense of trust in the management’s decision and effective selling of the benefits of change, (Philip. A, 2005) has made matters worse. C laudia Peus et al, 2009 supported Oreg’s research of co-relations in pointing that affective, cognitive and behavioral resistance towards change exist when trust in the management is nonexistent. Jack’s communique method was antagonistic, choosing bad choice of words in his communique’ which prompted the group to ask about their future state.Reeta Raina, 2010 quoted Harris & Nelson’s work in 2008 that key towards quality leadership is conceivably the effective communication flow of a story. The method of Jack’s communication somersaulted the group into a defensive mode, causing them to respond negatively on the received information, prompting the concerned about the enormity of the changes and its impact on their job. The group is portraying emotional interferences by interrupting Jake’s conversation, persistently asking about their job security.Jake has unintentionally sparked fear in the group, threatening their physiological contracts (Jo b securities, job commitments, personal commitments, future planning) (Clutterbuck, 2005) The group is adamant to know what the changes are and Jack refused to provide them with reasonable information and to try and counter the negative perception that was piling up. Lack of information is also known as one of the most influential factor of employee’s decision making in the events of change. Empirical investigation conducted by Allen et al. 2007) also suggests that employees who receives judicious, precise, and â€Å"useful communication (termed as â€Å"quality change communication†) more often than not revealed lower levels of uncertainty and a higher level of openness to certain degree of change. Entering the critical analysis of the video clip, the communication barriers and problems between Jake and the group could best be summarized using the table below. Table 1: The encoded message from Jake, the barriers and problems of communication and the message decoded b y the receivers. Information addressed by Jack. Barriers & Communication Problems| Message Received by group. | Jack spoke about â€Å"a lot of changes† that is going to take place in an alerting manner rather than an evocative manner, implying that the changes is irreversible. | Lack of Sensitivity to Receiver. Failure to identify the emotional state of the group and the openness in digesting change management. Failed to find the right setting to address the news more effectively. | These changes might imply drastic alteration to their working style, job roles and responsibilities.The fact that the changes are imminent, they feel like being pushed to the edge, emotions of anger, anxiety, stress and confusion builds up. | Jake announced the news in a provocative, informal manner instead of a suggestive, tolerable and informal approach. He mentioned, â€Å"for those of us who’s still around† and â€Å"some of y’all wouldn’t agree with† in the video suggesting that these changes might affect the end outcome of the group’s physical and emotional contributions to the company. | Lack of Basic Communication Skills.Bad choice of words, incepting negative thoughts and perceptions about the looming changes. Speaking in gaps creating the opportunity to negative assumptions and perceptions. Heavy physical movement, misreading of body language, tone of voice, heavy denials. Sending out conflicting messages. | These changes are going to affect their job security in the company. Their contributions towards the company is not appreciated, having not consulted them before changes is being decided. Injustice.Jake’s contradicting speech suggests there are some information that is being withheld from them, creating uncertainties and doubts of the real truth. | Jake stated and suggested that if the group does not like the changes; they could source for a job elsewhere, giving them no choice but to accept the changes even if it affects them adversely. | Lack of freedom of choiceAntagonistic approach towards addressing the outcome of the changes. Assumptions that these changes have already been decided and it will create a negative impact. Lack of empathetic values| The group believes that hey have no say and their opinions are deemed non- valuable by the management in the implementation of the changes. They feel that they’ve been squeezed to a tight corner without choices or opportunity to fend for themselves if these changes are to have an undesirable effect on them. | Jake addressed that there have been changes which already have been decided by the management prior to him communicating with the group. | Emotional Interference. Failed to protect the rights of the employees| One of the group members asked why the need arise to consult them if the changes have already been decided. Jake gave an excuse of the entailing details of the changes that he wouldn’t want to pre-amp the management i n addressing the news. | Lack of informationUnreliable source of informationDistrustful| Jake did not answer the question that was raising heavy uncertainties and negative perceptions of the change. The group is exhibiting signs of disappointment from their faces, and their tone of voice has changed from query to cynical. | Jake informed that there is going to be a formal meeting coming up and most of the decisions that might affect the group will be decided then. Defensiveness| The group is no longer interested in what Jake is explaining. feels that their rights as an employee to know more information about their job security is violated resulting in a defensive mode of action, bringing the matter up with the union | The group is disappointed that their opinions are not appreciated in the changes that is going to take place resulting further confrontational suggestions such as the worker’s union. â€Å"Lacking freedom of choice about change usually provokes more resistance than change itself† (W.Warner Burke et al. , 1996 pp. 25 – 30) Question 2: Critically discuss the impact the communication problems and barriers you have identified in question 1, may have on the perceptions and attitudes of employees in the communication scenario. (528 words) Perceptions and attitudes are behavioral components of individuals’ perceived notions, reactions and sensing of information and how it’s interpreted. (Robbins, 2003) Three main communication barriers and problems identified of how the information was disseminated to the group is the lack of ommunication skills, lack of freedom of choice, and lack of information which co-relates significantly towards the attitudes and perceptions of the employees. Jack inability to deliver the message clearly instigated negative perceptions, signifying signs of adversity. This constructed gaps in which ‘gives room’ to openness of rumors (G. David, 2011) and negative attitudes to cultivate . The employees displayed unfavorable facial expressions, emotional reactions and body language upon their self-perceived evaluations of the information, thus manifesting into defensive and retaliating attitude.Rupert Eales-White 2004 pp. 235 suggests in his research that there are two gaps in perceptions which are the conscious intent of the leader (Gap1) and the manifestation of that intent (Gap2) This determines the affect of an attitude is adapted when poor communication is at place, referring to the diagram below. Diagram 2 Conscious Intent Subconscious Intent Stress Poor Communication Manifestation Words Tone of voice Body Language Environment Poor Listening Mindset Impact Gap1 (Leader) Gap1 (Followers) Conscious Intent Subconscious Intent Stress Poor Communication ManifestationWords Tone of voice Body Language Environment Poor Listening Mindset Impact Gap1 (Leader) Gap1 (Followers) Source: Industrial and Commercial Training Volume: 36 Issue: 6 2004, pp. 235, Figure 1. Based f rom the video clip, the employees are portraying signs of anxiety and fear in losing their jobs. Their psychological contract (Job commitments, personal commitments, organizational commitments and job satisfaction) is threatened. This is supported by Charissa Freese et al. , in her research of 2011, in which she concurred with the research of Turnley and Feldman, 1998; Pate et al. 2000 (longitudinal); Kickul et al. , 2002 on the threats to psychological contracts due to fear and anxiety of â€Å"losing the known and tried†(W. Burke et al. ,1996) Lacking freedom of choice in voicing their opinions, the employees feel that Jack and the company has failed to keep their end of the bargain in their relationship that arises from the â€Å"mutual obligations between them and the company†, which also have shaped and govern their job attitude, well, normally in the perception of the employees. (Charissa Freese et al. , 2011- pp. 05, quoting Rousseau’s 1995 opinions) Unab le to influence the change process from taking place, the employees may also experience frustration, a downward slump such as lower productivity, higher absenteeism and work stress, which are; according to Maria Vakola and Ioannis Nikolaou’s 2005 research, agrees with previous research of Schabracq and Cooper, 2000; Murphy, 1995; McHugh, 1993 that it also contributes to lower motivation and morale, decline in work performance, elevating turnover rates, sick-leave, lower job satisfaction and commitments, poor internal ommunication as well as conflicts. According to Maria Vakola and Ioannis Nikolaou’s 2005 research which elaborated on British Industrial Society Survey 2001, shown that 91 per cent of the 492 human resource and personnel professionals questioned believed stress to be a problem in their organization’s effectiveness. Furthermore, lack of consistent information is a determinant of organization members to be exposed to rumors – reckoned as  "one of the greatest dangers during crises – as well as to spreading defeatist declarations†,( G.David, 2011) George also quoted Czarnecki (2007, 93) in his work, whom believes that essential justifications of internal communication is â€Å"avoiding the gap between the unusually high interest of staff members eager to find out what is going on and the small amount of information being disseminated by the organization†. Question 3: (Make Recommendations). Draw up a table and summarize how the problems and barriers you have identified in question 1 could have been prevented.Table 2: Recommendations| Rationale| Reflect positive, clarity, and congruent verbal and body language cues emphasizing on good communication skills when addressing change or any topic that might trigger selective perception or behavioral resistance. | In communicating, the speakers will subconsciously send body language and verbal cues. Being consistent with verbal cues and body language portr ays convincing and truthfulness.In Deborah’s work on change communication 2002, she quoted Roberts, 1954 pp. 388 who stated; â€Å"therefore, the orator must not only try to make the argument of his speech demonstrative and worthy of belief; he must also make his own character look right and put his hearers, who are to decide into the right frame of mind†| Openness for Change and presentation of information. | The degrees of which the employees may accept the news positively from Jack depends on how open are they towards the idea of changes.The approach should be made progressively rather than antagonistically. In Richa Awasty’s et al. , research in 2011, she quoted Dent and Goldberg’s suggestion that â€Å"employees may not be necessarily resisting the change itself, but rather perceived undesirable outcomes of change or the process of implementing the change† therefore the changes are not necessarily of adverse outcome, but perceived to be due to the mindset of the employees at that particular period and the way the information is presented. Identifying Psychological traits, emotions and feelings, avoiding sensitive words that may ignite negativity. | Although professional relationships entail some boundaries when it comes to interaction with colleagues, it is important to demonstrate sensitivity, and to really care about the people you work with. If you don’t care about them, it will be difficult for them to care about you when it comes to working together. | Provide useable, practical information to avoid lack of information to the employees involved in the change. If employees are not given adequate information nor allowed to contribute to the solution of problems, they may revert to being the cause of them, resulting in increased absenteeism, lower productivity and grievances and so on (Hubbards1999, Hargie et al. 1999, Armour 1998). Raina Reeta,2010. | Give opportunity for the employee’s leader to attend and discuss to ensure they don’t feel like they’re lacking freedom of choice in facilitating the changes. | A relative lack of employee participation in such change is likely to lead to more negative attitudes about the change (Reichers et al. 1997). Liz Jones(2008) | Uncertainties. | | * Dysfunctional responses. Ignoring or not responding to a comment or question quickly undermines effective communication. Likewise, responding with an irrelevant comment — one that isn't connected to the topic at hand — will quash genuine communication. Interrupting others while they are speaking also creates a poor environment for communication. * Lacking Confidence. Lacking confidence can be a major barrier to effective communication.Shyness, difficulty being assertive, or lack of self-worth can hinder your ability to make your needs and opinions known. Also, a lack of awareness of your own rights and opportunities in a given situation can prevent you from expressing yo ur needs openly. Strategies for Effective Verbal Communication * Focus on the issue, not the person. Try not to take everything personally, and similarly, express your own needs and opinions in terms of the job at hand. Solve problems rather than attempt to control others.For example, rather than criticizing a co-worker’s personality, express your concerns in terms of how to get the job done more smoothly in the future. * Be genuine rather than manipulative. Be yourself, honestly and openly. Be honest with yourself, and focus on working well with the people around you, and acting with integrity. * Empathize rather than remain detached. Although professional relationships entail some boundaries when it comes to interaction with colleagues, it is important to demonstrate sensitivity, and to really care about the people you work with.If you don’t care about them, it will be difficult for them to care about you when it comes to working together. * Be flexible towards other s. Allow for other points of view, and be open to other ways of doing things. Diversity brings creativity and innovation. * Value yourself and your own experiences. Be firm about your own rights and needs. Undervaluing yourself encourages others to undervalue you, too. Offer your ideas and expect to be treated well. * Present yourself as an equal rather than a superior.Even when you are in a position of authority, focus on what you and the other person each have to offer and contribute to the job or issue. * Use affirming responses. Respond to other in ways that acknowledge their experiences. Thank them for their input. Affirm their right to their feelings, even if you disagree. Ask questions, express positive feeling; and provide positive feedback when you can. Resources * Beebe et al. Interpersonal Communication: Relating to Others 2nd Canadian Edition. (Scarborough, Ontario: Allyn and Bacon, 2000). Some additional ideas have been added.

Indian two-wheeler industry Essay

Overview The Indian two-wheeler (2W) industry recorded sales volumes of 13. 4 million units in 2011-121, a growth of 14. 0% over the previous year. In a year wherein growth in other automobile segments particularly, passenger vehicle (PV) and medium & heavy commercial vehicle (M&HCV), slowed down to single digits – marred by demand slowdown due to northward movement of inflation, fuel prices and interest rates – the 14% growth recorded by the 2W industry remained steady. However, the momentum in the 2W industry’s volume growth too has been losing steam lately as evident from the relatively lower volume growth of 11. 0% recorded in H2, 2011-12 (YoY) against a growth of 17. 1% recorded in H1, 2011-12 (YoY). The deceleration in growth is largely attributable to the motorcycles segment which grew at a much lower rate of 7. 8% (YoY) in H2, 2011-12 vis-a-vis 16. 4% in H1, 2011-12; even as the scooters segment continued to post 20%+ (YoY) expansion during both halves of the last fiscal. With this, the share of the scooters segment in the domestic 2W industry volumes increased to 19. 1% in 2011-12 from 17. 6% in 2010-11. Overall, ICRA expects the domestic 2W industry to report a volume growth of 8-9% in 2012-13 as base effect catches up with the industry that has demonstrated a strong volume expansion over the last three years at cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21. 8%. Over the medium term, the 2W industry is expected to report a volume CAGR of 9-11% to reach a size of 24-26 million units (domestic + exports) by 2016-17, as we believe the various structural positives associated with the domestic 2W industry including favourable demographic profile, moderate 2W penetration levels (in relation to several other emerging markets), under developed public transport system, growing urbanization, strong replacement demand and moderate share of financed purchases remain intact. Table 1: Trend in Sales Volumes of the Indian 2W Industry Volumes (Units, Nos.) Domestic Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Total Domestic 2010-11 9,019,090 2,073,797 697,418 11,790,305 Exports 2010-11 Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Total Exports Source: SIAM Q1 2011-12 2,464,143 532,867 190,672 3,187,682 Q1 2011-12 1,480,983 52,312 6,295 1,539,590 1 Refers to domestic sales volumes ICRA LIMITED 482,566 20,949 1,461 504,976 YoY Growth (%) Q2 2011-12 Q3 2011-12 Q4 2011-12 2,558,515 650,155 192,859 3,401,529 2,556,782 659,643 186,472 3,402,897 2,514,699 720,176 206,863 3,441,738 Q2 2011-12 Q3 2011-12 Q4 2011-12 492,408 24,696 3,478 520,582 448,090 23,950 2,796 474,836. 434,521 21,010 1,341 446,872 2010-11 22. 9% 41. 8% 23. 5% 25. 8% 2010-11 34. 3% 73. 6% -8. 8% 35. 0% Q1 2011-12 17. 5% 13. 3% 21. 0% 17. 0% Q1 2011-12 27. 1% 100. 4% -44. 0% 28. 6% Q2 2011-12 15. 4% 29. 0% 7. 0% 17. 3% Q2 2011-12 31. 7% 88. 5% 159. 2% 34. 0% Q3 2011-12 9. 2% 21. 6% 2. 6% 11. 0% Q3 2011-12 21. 8% 92. 0% 188. 0% 24. 5% Q4 2011-12 6. 3% 29. 4% 16. 4% 11. 1% Q4 2011-12 18. 1% 29. 0% -2. 3% 18. 5% Corporate Ratings Anjan Deb Ghosh +91 22 3047 0006 anjan@icraindia. com Analyst Contacts: Subrata Ray +91 22 3047 0027 subrata@icraindia. com Jitin Makkar +91 124 4545 368jitinm@icraindia. com. MEDIUM TERM DEMAND DRIVERS STAY PUT An analysis of the mix of Indian populace and the structure of the Indian 2W industry brings to the fore several key attributes namely, India’s demographic advantage, moderate 2W penetration levels and shrinking of replacement cycle; factors that have combined to propel the industry’s volumes over the last 10 years from 4 million units in 2001 to 13 million units in 2011. In ICRA’s view, these growth drivers are likely to remain relevant over the medium term and continue to provide impetus to the industry’s volumes. Chart 1: Estimated population of India’s Youth (20-40 years age) 250 Demographic Advantage 229 207 206 189 200 161 157 million 150 100 41 million youth estimated to be added to India’s population mix over the next five years 50 0 2001 Male 2011E Female 2016E Source: Census 2001; Census 2011; ICRA’s Estimates In the age bracket of 20-40 years, which is the key target segment for 2W, around 77 million youth got added to the Indian population mix in the last decade, which has been the key contributor to the 2W industry’s volume growth over the last 10 years. India’s demography continues to remain favourably on its side with average age of 25 years, which is 9 years younger than China, and more than 12 years and 19 years younger than the US and Japan, respectively. Over the next five years, the incremental addition in India’s youth population is estimated to be ~41 million, a fairly large number that is likely to sustain the strong demand for 2W. The 20-40 years age group is characterized by a combination of earning power and high spending propensity, which should increase the likelihood of conversion of potential ownership into actual ownership. Chart 2: Trend in 2W Penetration in Indian Households 18 16 35% 13. 8 14 Underpenetrated Market 35% The 2W penetration level in Indian households was 12% in 2001. This low 2W penetration provided the structural thrust to the domestic industry’s volume growth over the last decade whose annualized volumes expanded by a factor of 3. 4x during this period. As of 2011, the 2W penetration levels in Indian households, while having increased to 21%, continue to remain moderate and much lower than in some of the other emerging markets such as Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan. Also, the penetration rates differ vastly between India’s rural and urban areas, with rural areas being under-penetrated by a factor of 2. 5x as compared to urban areas. Additionally, the social trend in favour of nuclear families is expected to further increase the number of households which could be potential targets for the 2W industry. 30% 12 million 40% 16. 8 25% 25% 10 7. 9 8 5. 4 6 20% 14% 15% 10% 4 7% 2 5% 0 0% 2001 No. of Rural Households 2011 No. of Urban Households 2W Penetration – Rural 2W Penetration – Urban Source: Census 2011 ICRA LIMITED Chart 3: Trend in 2W Population in India. 30 25 million 20 Population of 22. 5 million units, equivalent to cumulative 2W sales volumes from 1995 to 2001 Population of 51. 8 million units, equivalent to cumulative 2W sales volumes from 2007 to 2011 24. 0 15 13. 3 10 9. 3 5 0 2001 2W Population – Rural 2011 2W Population – Urban Source: Census 2011, SIAM, ICRA’s Estimates Chart 4: Age Profile of 2W in India 100% 90% 30% 39% 80% 70% 53% 17% 60% 50% 21% 40% 30% 35% 52% 20% 10% 0% 40% 11% Motorcycle > 10 years Scooters 6-10 years Source: SIAM, ICRA’s Estimates ICRA LIMITED Shrinking Replacement Cycle 27. 8 Mopeds 0-5 years. While the 2W population in India has more than doubled over the last decade, the replacement cycle is estimated to have reduced from around 7 years (in 2001) to around 5 years (in 2011). The reduction in 2W replacement cycle implies that the average annual mileage covered per 2W has been on the rise, given that (distance run multiplied by age) of 2Ws is unlikely to have changed much over the years. As per industry estimates, around 50% of the total domestic sales of 2W are now made to first-time buyers, 30% to customers looking to upgrade from their existing vehicle, and 20% to buyers seeking a second vehicle for the household. The break-up suggests that currently around 50% of the sales in the domestic 2W market are made to replacement buyers. Considering that the industry has sold around 49 million 2W in the domestic market in the last five years, the total replacement demand works out to be a fairly large number. Add to this the healthy growth in sales to first-time buyers in recent years, driven in particular by sales to the rural market, the replacement opportunity could only increase in the future. From the consumer perspective, although replacement involves fresh capital spending, the inducement of upgrading to an improved technology 2W, having better performance, features and more attractive styling; complemented with increased spending propensity are expected to be the prime ingredients feeding replacement demand. SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE 2W INDUSTRY The motorcycles segment accounts for a bulk of 2W industry’s sales volumes; however, the scooters segment has grown relatively faster over the last five years Chart 5: Trend in 2W Segment Volume Mix (Domestic) 100% 90%. 4. 5% 12. 0% Chart 6: Trend in segment-wise sales volume growth of 2W 5. 7% 5. 8% 6. 0% 5. 9% 5. 8% 45% 14. 5% 15. 5% 15. 6% 17. 6% 19. 1% 35% 80% 70% 25% 60% 50% 40% 83. 5% 15% 79. 8% 78. 7% 78. 4% 76. 5% 75. 1% 30% 5% 20% -5% 10% 0% 2006-07 Source: SIAM 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds 2011-12 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 -15% Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Source: SIAM With sales volumes of 10. 1 million units, the motorcycles segment is the largest sub-segment of the domestic 2W industry accounting for a bulk of its volumes. However, over the last five years, the motorcycles segment has seen its volume share in the domestic 2W industry slide down to 75. 1% in 2011-12 from the highs of 83. 5% recorded in 2006-07. Although domestic motorcycle volumes grew at 9. 0% CAGR during the last five years, both the scooters segment as well as the mopeds segment grew at a much faster CAGR of 22. 2% and 17. 0%, respectively; contributing to reduction in the motorcycle segment’s volume share. The three 2W sub-segments are targeted at distinct consumer categories. The motorcycles are targeted at the male population in both rural areas as well as urban areas (with further segmentation based on usage pattern – family bike or individual bike, consumer profile – commuter Vs performance seeker etc); the scooters are more of an urban phenomenon targeted at the female population (TVS Scooty, Hero Pleasure), male population (Hero Maestro) as well as unisex offerings (Honda Activa, TVS Wego); mopeds are targeted at the lower middle-class segment and derive a large part of their volume share from the rural sector where they are used as a utility vehicle bearing heavy loads on rough village roads. While each of the three sub-segments has distinctive growth drivers, we expect the scooters segment to maintain its pace of growth faster than that of the 2W industry as a whole. The faster volume growth of the scooters segment is expected to be driven by (a) growing acceptability of gearless scooters, particularly by women; (b) rising urbanization and increasing proportion of working women; (c) expanding product offerings in the scooters segment; and (d) comparatively lower base. Accordingly, ICRA expects the scooters segment to gradually increase its share in the domestic 2W market from 19. 1% in 2011-12 to ~27% by 2016-17E. With this, the volumes in the domestic scooters market are estimated to get doubled by 2016-17E over the current levels.