Nazi s Persecution Of The Handicapped Essay - 1404 Words

Nazi’s Persecution of the Handicapped Frank Cai History November 8th Holocaust is considered one of the worst man-caused disaster ever in the history of human life. Hundreds of millions of people died during the Holocaust. Even worse, the victim of the Holocaust is based on race. Why did Adolf Hitler pick on the Jews? Because when he wants to rise power, one of the most common ways is propaganda. He said that Jews are the ones that ruined their country. Many Jews were killed; they were also different kinds of people: just like Jehovah’s Witnesses, Roma Gypsies, Handicapped and many others. While the soldiers were fighting at the front line, hundreds of thousands of disabled were killed. Why were the handicapped killed, what’s wrong with them? During the time of the war, everything was scarce, the food, the ammo, and many other resources. And a bunch of other works that they need to do with the use of human resources. Germany is a small country, with not many workers, and most people that are strong enough were in the army and went to war. They need enough worker to provide them with the enough resources that they need. Any people that are in Germany and are not strong enough (except for children) to work are killed. Hitler and the Nazi think that if they are not strong enough to work for us and using our resources, what’s the point keeping them alive then? On July 14, 1933, the Nazi government instituted the â€Å"Law for the Prevention of Progeny with HereditaryShow MoreRelatedThe Victims Of The Holocaust836 Words   |  4 Pagesminorities, whose death toll equaled 2,285,000, a combined total that clearly showed how determined the Nazis were in destroying their targeted victims in the Holocaust.. The homosexuals were a major group targeted in the Holocaust, and between 5,000 and 15,000 members were targeted (Five Million Forgotten - Holocaust s Non-Jewish Victims). The main reason the homosexuals were targeted was because â€Å"the Nazis believed that male homosexuals were weak, effeminate men who could not fight for the German nationRead MoreThe Effects Of Jews On Jewish Population During The Nazi Regime1119 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant topic is being researched, and it concerns the Final Solution of the Nazis concerning the Jews. On January 20th 1942, 15 leading officials of the Nazi state met at a villa in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin, to discuss the â€Å"Final solution of the Jewish Question† (â€Å"The Final Solution,† 2015). They used the term â€Å"Final Solution† to refer to their plan to annihilate the Jewish people. It is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement their plan to eradicate the Jews†Read MoreSenderS Profile Photofrank E. Smart. Holocaust Essay.1023 Words   |  5 Pages Sender s profile photo Frank E. Smart Holocaust Essay Mr. Grosse Feb 9 The Holocaust The Holocaust was the state-sponsored persecution also murder 6 Million Jews by the Nazi regimes. holocaust is also a Greek word meaning â€Å"Sacrifice by Fire†. The Nazi came in power in Germany in January 1933. They all believed that Germans was â€Å"Superior† and that the Jews, were also alien threating to call German racial community. In 1933, The Jewish population of Europe they all stood over nine millionRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi War1011 Words   |  5 PagesHolocaust The Holocaust was the state-sponsored persecution also murder 6 Million Jews by the Nazi regimes. holocaust is also a Greek word meaning â€Å"Sacrifice by Fire†. The Nazi came in power in Germany in January 1933. They all believed that Germans was â€Å"Superior† and that the Jews, were also alien threating to call German racial community. In 1933, The Jewish population of Europe they all stood over nine million. The Jews lived in the countries that Nazi Germany would occupy of the influence duringRead MoreExtended Definition of a Modern Hero Essay706 Words   |  3 Pagesexpressions of courage and goodwill. In the early 1970’s, a gay man named Harvey Milk refused to accept discrimination as a homosexual and gained fame as the first openly gay man in the United States to win an election for public office. After running twice, the citizens elected Milk as a San Francisco City Supervisor in 1977. Milk constantly told gay people to remain hopeful and said, â€Å"We have to make up for hundreds of years of persecution† (Gold). Oliver â€Å"Bill† Sipple, a gay man who saved PresidentRead MorePeople Were Persecuted During The Events Of World War II1466 Words   |  6 Pagesheil to the Nazis and their ruler, these groups, including numerous others, were imprisoned in concentration camps and punished for their religions, beliefs, and ways of life. Some fell victim to merciless Nazi persecution, while others were murdered almost instantaneously. Many died as prisoners of harsh concentration camps. Upon entering these camps, captives were stripped of their identity and force d into a life of brutal confinement. Jews and gypsies were the main targets of Nazi oppression,Read MoreThe Holocaust Denial1324 Words   |  6 Pagesand ruled over Germany. This fascist leader founded his own Nazi party and was determined to establish a nation with pure German or an Aryan race. In order to achieve his goal, Hitler commanded isolation and eventually extermination of the impure groups in Germany. Anyone with impure blood is Germans enemy. Under Hitlers regime, Germans considered the following groups as their enemies: Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and mentally handicapped people (Thirty-six questions). Germans targeted Jews the mostRead MoreThe Holocaust Was An Ultimate Abomination Of Nazi1484 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust was an ultimate abomination of Nazi racism that occurred between 1938 and 1945. The word Holocaust derived from the Greek word holokauston, which stands for a burnt sacrifice that is offered whole to God. The word was chosen for this occurrence because of the amount of dead bodies that were cremated in open fires by Nazis. The Holocaust was known for the mass murders of European Jews that took place during the Second World War. European Jews were the fundamental victims during the HolocaustRead MoreEssay on Human Rights Violations857 Words   |  4 Pagesrace or religion different from his or her own. In the early twentieth century itself, we faced atrocities such as the Armenian Massacre, the rape of Nanking and many more. One such crime against the human race that can overthrow all of them is, the Nazi Holocaust led by Adolf Hitler. After World War I, Germany was in a condition of total chaos. The Weimar Republic that was set up by the League of Nations was not holding much water and the citizens of Germany were looking for some authority to putRead MoreGerman Nazi: The Wannsee Protocol Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesranking officials in the Nazi regime. The conference was set up in order to discuss and implement ‘The Final Solution to the Jewish Question’ in regards to the Jewish population in Europe. The minutes of this conference were written down and are now known as the Wannsee Protocol. Even before the Wannsee Conference took place Jews were already being executed by the Einsatzgruppen, or otherwise known as the mobile killing units of the SS. Anti- Semitism and the Persecution of the Jewish population

TRADEMARK PROTECTION AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2481 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Trademarks are signs and combinations that identify goods and services of a particular individual offered in a market. Today the trademark is a way to attract the public. Consumers look at trademarks to choose goods and services, which increases the role of trademarks in global marketing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "TRADEMARK PROTECTION: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE" essay for you Create order Trademarks are important in the sense that most of the consumers rely on the symbols, letters, or labels that the company attached with its products in order to buy them. Often, consumers are deceived by selling local quality products under the brand name. This not only break the trust of the consumers but it also hamper the reputation and goodwill of the brand name and its business. Hence, trademark needs to be protected from such fraudulent activities not only nationally but internationally too. Sometimes, trademark is infringed in a foreign country and due to territorial restrictions; the trademark owner is not able to protect his mark in that country. Our intellectual property system offers a legal means for such protection. There exists a complete international system for trademark protection. Several international agreements have been signed to facilitate the international protection of intellectual property rights. The oldest is the Paris Convention of 1883 and the most recent is TRIPS in 1994. There are several other global and regional agreements, signed between the Paris Convention and TRIPS, which are still in force today such as the 1891 Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Trademarks, the 1989 Madrid Protocol on the International Registration of Trademarks, and the 1994 Trademark Law Treaty. This article examines various treaties, convention and agreements made internationally for the protection of trademark in the global market. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Paris Convention and TRIPS both provides many general principles and rules for the protection of intellectual property rights. PARIS CONVENTION The Paris Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property is one of the oldest and important treaties for the protection of intellectual property rights signed in 1883 in Paris. It also established a union named Paris Union for protecting intellectual property rights. It applies to all intellectual properties such as trademarks, utility models, patents, geographical indications. The Paris Convention provides three principles for protection of intellectual properties[1]: National Treatment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Paris Convention provides that each member country of the convention must provide equal and same protection of intellectual property which it grants to its own citizens, to the nationals of other member countries. For example, if a citizen of India wishes to obtain a Trademark Protection in United States, he will get same protection and rights under the same conditions which United States will provide to its own nationals as both India and United States are the signatories of Paris Convention. Also, the citizens of non-member countries are also entitled to national treatment under the Convention but with some limitations. This principle also applies to all TRIPS member states. Right of Priority à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It means that the applicant who is already protected in one of the member states can apply within a certain period of time for the protection in other member states. The subsequent applications filed will be treated as if they had been filed on the same day as the first application. In simple words, they will have priority over the applications filed by others during that period for the same invention. The advantage of this provision is that the applicants have the option to file the application later in the countries in which they wish to protect their mark and are not required to present all of their applications at the same time. Common Rules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" All the signatories of the convention are governed by their own domestic law for registration of intellectual property rights. Therefore, the annulment or nullification of the registration of a mark in one Member State will not affect the validity of the registration in other Member States. This means that the trademark owner is subject exclusively to the national laws of each country. But often, some national laws prohibit registration of numbers or letters, whereas others allow such trademarks. In that case it becomes very difficult for the trademark owner to use a mark in the same form in all the countries. But, the Paris Convention provides that the trademark that has been registered in its country of origin in compliance with domestic law is to be registered in other member states as it is. TRIPS (The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) which provides minimum standards for regulation of intellectual property rights. It was negotiated in 1994. It covers almost all intellectual property rights such as copyright, trademarks including service marks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents including the protection of new varieties of plants, the layout-designs of integrated circuits and trade secrets.[2] It incorporates some of the provisions of Paris Convention (1967) also which includes national treatment principle. Article 3 of TRIPS provides for reciprocity between member states. It restricts the discrimination between a Member countries own nationals and the nationals of other Member countries. It means that each member state must grant the citizens of other member states the same intellectual property rights protection which it grants to its own citizens. TRIPS have also introduced the most favoured nation prin ciple which forbids the discrimination between nationals of other member countries. Article 4 of TRIPS provides that all advantages, favours, privileges or immunities granted by a member to its own citizens will be extended to all other members in the same way and without any further conditions. However, the national treatment and most favoured nation principle do not apply to agreements such as Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol which are mainly introduced for the international or regional registration of intellectual property rights.[3] It is mandatory for all member states of TRIPS to introduce procedures into their national legislation for the actions to be taken against any infringement of intellectual property rights. Any victim can go to any judicial or administrative authority for seeking remedies in respect of the infringement. Remedies can be in the form of injunction, seizure or compensation for the loss of reputation or goodwill. Articles 15-21 of TRIPS lay down the rules for protection of trademarks. Article 15(1) provides that all signs and combinations of signs that are capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from another are capable of acquiring trademark protection. Distinctiveness is thus the sole condition for protection of a trademark. If a mark is not able to distinguish between the goods of two persons, it will not be allowed to be registered. Article 15(4) extends the protection to service marks also so that the nature of a product or a service may not be an obstacle to registration of the mark. Article 15(5) of TRIPS only provides for the obligation to publish the trademark either before or immediately after registration and to allow suitable opportunity for an opposing party to apply for cancellation of the registration. Under Article 16, TRIPS recognizes the exclusive right of the trademark holder. During the term of protection, the owner of a trademark enjoys the exclusive right to prevent th ird parties from using either his own mark or a similar mark for same or similar goods or services in the course of trade where such a use would result in a likelihood of confusion among the consumers. TRIPS also extends the protection to well known marks. Thus, Pepsi Company has the right to forbid a shoe manufacturer from using the sign à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to designate its shoes if consumers would be likely to believe that the shoes were manufactured or endorsed by the Pepsi Company, thereby diluting the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  trademark. SPECIAL AGREEMENTS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Article 19 of the Paris Convention permits the countries of the Union the right to make separately between themselves special agreements for the protection of intellectual property. Presently, there are four such special agreements existing relating to trademarks: the Madrid Agreement, the Trademark Registration Treaty, the Madrid Protocol, and the Trademark Law Treaty. The Madrid Agreement, Trademark Registration Treaty, and the Madrid Protocol are completely different from TRIPS as these provides for international registration of trademarks but TRIPS does not deal with registration of intellectual property rights. The Madrid Agreement: The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks is governed by two treaties: The Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol. The Madrid Agreement was incorporated in 1891. It is administered by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Most of the countries have ratified the Madrid Agreement including India, but with the exception of the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Scandinavian countries. The Madrid Agreement provides simple international registration procedures for acquiring trademark protection by providing single international application upon payment of a single fee. The procedure for registration under the Madrid Agreement may be summarized as follows[4]: a citizen of a member state owns a registered trademark in its own country on the basis of this initial registration, the national trademark owner applies for international trademark registration with the International Bureau of the WIPO; in the international application, the applicant lists the member states in which protection is sought; the WIPO distributes the international application to each of the listed states; in each of these states, the international application is treated as a national application Under the Madrid Agreement, if the trademark registered in the country of origin, on which the international registration is based, is nullified, then all the trademarks issued from the international registration also becomes void within five years from the date of international registration. Madrid Agreement has been criticized by many countries on this point.[5] Trademark Registration Treaty The WIPO created the Trademark Registration Treaty in 1973. The United States and thirteen other countries were signatories to it. But till now, many countries including United States have not ratified it. It is now signed only by the Soviet Union and four African countries. This treaty was made with an objective to establish an international trademark  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ling system through which citizens residing in one of the member States can easily register trademarks in all other member states just by filing one single application and securing single international registration. The main advantage of this treaty is the simplified procedure to get the trademark registration secured internationally. But it is still not in force.[6] The Madrid Protocol The Madrid Protocol was signed on June 27, 1989, and entered into force on April 1, 1996. There are total 86 countries who are signatories to this protocol including India. It provides a cost-effective and a very efficient way for trademark holders to ensure protection in multiple countries through the filing of one single application with a single office and single fee in one language. Once any member country grants the trademark protection to any applicant, his trademark will be protected in that country as if that country has registered it. Similar to Madrid agreement, here the international application is treated as a national one.[7] The procedure for filing the application under Madrid protocol is that the applicant files an International Application from the national office of his country which will then pass the International Application to WIPO. He can then list those countries in his application in which he sought protection.[8] The duration of protection following an international registration is ten years, renewable under payment of a fee to the International Bureau of the WIPO. The Protocol is a new treaty independent from the Madrid Agreement and introduces new procedures for international registration which entered into force on April 1, 1996. For example, if the applicant selects the European Community Office, the office of harmonization in the internal market (OHIP), the application is treated as an EC trademark application. The Trademark Law Treaty The Trademark Law Treaty was adopted in Geneva on October 27, 1994, and entered into force August 1, 1996. It does not deal with the registration of trademarks but simplify national and regional trademark registration procedures. There are 49 countries which are signatories to it. It also eliminates the formal requirements that are considered to be unnecessary obstacles in the registration process. The treaty applies to trademarks for such as word marks, design marks, mixed marks and three-dimensional marks. The treaty does not apply to sound marks, olfactory marks, collective marks, certification marks or guarantee marks. The provisions of the treaty contain three phases of the registration procedure: (i) the application for registration; (ii) changes after registration; and (iii) renewal. The provisions of the Trademark Law Treaty are not incorporated into TRIPS. The duration of renewal of the registration under this treaty is 10 years.[9] CONCLUSION What conclusions may be drawn from this brief overview of the international trademark protection system? Clearly, the Paris Convention has stood the test of time. Its principles are now incorporated into TRIPS, defining the basic rules of protection of intellectual property rights in the international trade. The recognition and protection of intellectual property rights is one of the conditions for international peace. Apart from various international agreements like Paris Convention and TRIPS, there are various special agreements such as Madrid Agreement and Madrid protocol, trademark law treaty and trademark registration treaty for the protection of trademarks internationally. Madrid Agreement and Madrid protocol which are part of the Madrid system only deals with registration aspect of trademarks whereas all other treaties and convention deals with principles and rules for protecting trademarks and simplifying the trademark registration procedures at the international level. All these treaties and agre ements are incorporated with sole objective to simplify the international procedures for protecting the trademark and to make them cost effective and more efficient so that any person can make his mark registered and enjoy the trademark protection not only in his home country but also internationally. 1 [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Summary of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Propertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1883), available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/summary_paris.htmlgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [2] Wolf R. MEIER-EWERT, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Business-oriented overview of Intellectual Property for Law Studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_smes_ge_2_06/wipo_smes_ge_2_06_www_63216.pptgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [3] Supra note 1 [4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Guide To The International Registration Of Marks Under The Madrid Agreement And The Madrid Protocolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/guide/pdf/guide.pdfgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [5] Supra note 4 [6] DONALD W. BANNER, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trademark Registration Treatyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/trademarks/PreLanhamAct_107_Trademark_Treaty.htmgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [7] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Madrid Protocolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/madrid/gt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [8] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Madrid Protocol and Madrid Agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.elkfife.com/madrid-protocol-and-madrid-agreementgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [9] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Summary of the Trademark Law Treaty (TLT)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1994) available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/summary_tlt.htmlgt; (accessed on 16th Nov, 2014)

Beyond Gdp Paper Free Essays

Special attention is devoted to recent developments in the analysis of sustainability, in the study of happiness, in the theory of social choice and fair allocation, and in the capability approach. It is suggested in the conclusion that, although convergence toward a consensual approach is not impossible, for the moment not one but three alternatives to GDP are worth developing. ( JEL I31, E23, E01) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Beyond Gdp Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction G DP is recurrently criticized for being a poor indicator of social welfare and, therefore, leading governments astray in their assessment of economic policies. As is well known, GDP statistics measure current economic aactivity but ignore wealth variation, international income flows, household production of services, destruction of the natural environment, and many determinants of well-being such as the quality of social relations, economic security and personal safety, health, and longevity. Even worse, GDP increases when convivial reciprocity is replaced by anonymous market relations and when rising crime, pollution, catastrophes, or health hazards trigger * Fleurbaey: CNRS, University Paris Descartes, CORE (Universite de Louvain) and IDEP. Comments, suggestions and advice by S. Alkire, G. Asheim, A. Atkinson, A. Deaton, E. Diewert, R. Guesnerie, D. Kahneman, A. Krueger, I. Robeyns, P. Schreyer, three referees and Roger Gordon (the Editor) are gratefully acknowledged. defensive or repair expenditures. Not surprisingly, the construction of better indicators of social welfare is also, recurrently, a hot issue in public debate and a concern for politicians and governments. The last two decades have witnessed an explosion in the number of alternative indicators and a surge of initiatives from important institutions such as the OECD, the UNDP, the European Union—more recently the French government has appointed a committee, chaired by Joseph E. Stiglitz and including four other Nobel Prize winners, to propose new indicators of â€Å"economic performance and social progress. In the meantime, welfare economics1 has burgeoned in various directions, involving the theory of social choice, the theory of 1 The expression â€Å"welfare economics† is used here in a very broad sense, including all branches of economics that bear on the definition of criteria for the evaluation of social states and public policies. It is not restricted to the narrow confines of Old and New (or New New) Welfare Economics. 1029 1030 Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XLVII (December 2009) is much less supported by economic theory than is commonly assumed. The extension of this approach to intertemporal welfare as attempted in â€Å"green† accounting adds even more complications. In view of recent developments in the theory of social choice and fairness, it will be argued that the idea of a â€Å"corrected GDP† is still defendable but implies different accounting methods than usually thought. Second, there is the idea of â€Å"Gross National Happiness,† which has been revived by the burgeoning happiness studies. It will be argued here that the happiness revolution might, instead of bringing about the return of â€Å"utility,† ultimately condemn this concept for being simplistic, and reveal that subjective well-being cannot serve as a metric for social evaluation without serious precautions. Third, there is the â€Å"capability approach † proposed by Amartya Sen, primarily as a framework for thinking rather than a precise method of measurement. This approach has now inspired a vvariety of applications, but most of its premoters are reluctant to seek a synthetic index, a famous exception being the Human Development Index (HDI). It will be argued here that a key aspect of this problem is whether individual valuations of the relevant dimensions of capability can and should be taken into account— an issue over which a dialogue with the two previous approaches might prove very useful. Fourth, there is the growing number of â€Å"synthetic indicators† that, following the lead of the HDI, are constructed as weighted averages of summary measures of social performance in various domains. It will be argued here that, if the three other approaches were fully exploited, there would be little reason to keep this fourth approach alive because it is ill-equipped to take account of the distribution of well-being and advantage among the members of society. The paper is structured as follows. Sections 2–4 deal with monetary measures that are linked to the project of a corrected fair allocation, the capability approach, the study of happiness and its determinants, in conjunction with new developments in the philosophy of social justice and the psychology of well-being. These conceptual developments provide new analytical tools that may be directly useful for concrete measurements. About a decade ago, Daniel T. Slesnick (1998) made the following observation: â€Å"While centrally important to many problems of economic analysis, confusion persists concerning the relationship between commonly used welfare indicators and well-established theoretical formulations† (p. 2108). It is probably safe to say that much the same now holds about the relationship between concrete measures of welfare—old, new, and potential—and upto-date theories. It appears timely to ask what the existing academic literature has to say about alternatives to GDP. The practical importance of a measure of social welfare can hardly be overstated. Ppolicy decisions, cost–benefit analyses, international comparisons, measures of growth, and inequality studies constantly refer to evaluations of individual and collective wellbeing. The fact that monetary measures still predominate in all such contexts is usually interpreted as imposed by the lack of a better index rather than reflecting a positive consensus. The purpose of this paper is, in the light of state-of-the-art welfare economics, to examine the pros and cons of the main alternative approaches to the measurement of social welfare from the perspective of ppolicy evaluation as well as international and intertemporal comparisons. Four approaches are discussed here. First, there is the idea of a â€Å"corrected GDP † that would take account, in particular, of nonmarket aspects of well-being and of sustainability concerns. As will be explained here, a basic problem for this approach is that its starting point, national income, as a candidate for a measure of social welfare, Fleurbaey: Beyond GDP: The Quest for a Measure of Social Welfare GDP. Section 2 revisits the classical results involving the value of total consumption and usually invoked in justification of GDP-like measures. This appears important because some of these results are often exaggerated, while others are little known or even susceptible of developments in future research. Section 3 is devoted to the intertemporal extension of this approach, as featured in the Net National Product (NNP) and â€Å"green† accounting. Section 4 turns to measures based on willingness-to-pay and moneymetric utilities, highlighting the connection with recent developments in the theory of social choice and fairness. This section also briefly discusses cost–benefit analysis, which is an important tool for ppolicy evaluation. Sections 5–7 are devoted to the nonmonetary approaches, namely, synthetic indicators such as the HDI (section 5), happiness studies and the various possible indexes of subjective well-being (section 6), and the capability approach (section 7). Section 8 makes concluding remarks about the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches analyzed in the paper and the prospects for future developments and applications. 2. Monetary Aggregates Revisited The project of correcting GDP has been often understood, after William D. Nordhaus and James Tobin’s (1973) seminal work, as adding or subtracting terms that have the same structure as GDP, i. e. , monetary aggregates computed as quantities valued at market prices or at imputed prices in case market prices are not available. As we will see in this section, economic theory is much less supportive of this approach than usually 2 Nordhaus and Tobin (1973) set out to compute â€Å"a comprehensive measure of the annual real consumption of households. Consumption is intended to include all goods and services, marketed or not, valued at market prices or at their equivalent in oopportunity costs to consumers† (p. 24). 1031 thought by most users of national accou nts. Many official reports swiftly gloss over the fact that economic theory has established total income as a good index of social welfare under some assumptions (which are usually left unspecified). To be sure, there is a venerable tradition of economic theory that seeks to relate social welfare to the value of total income or total consumption. 3 Most of that theory, however, deals with the limited issue of determining the sign of the welfare change rather than its magnitude, not to mention the level of welfare itself. In this perspective, the widespread use of GDP per capita, corrected or uncorrected, as a cardinal measure allowing ppercentage scaling of differences and variations appears problematic. 4 In this section, I review the old and recent arguments for and against monetary aggregates as social welfare indicators. . 1 A Revealed Preference Argument Start from the revealed preference argument that, assuming local nonsatiation, if a consumer chooses a commodity bundle x (with ? different commodities) in a budget set defined by the price vector p, then x is revealed preferred to all bundles y such that py px. If x is interior and assuming differentiability, for an infini tesimal change dx, x + dx is strictly preferred to x by the consumer if and only if pdx 0. Note the importance of the interiority assumption here. How to cite Beyond Gdp Paper, Papers

Rubi Transportation Company

Question: Discuss about the Rubi Transportation Company. Answer: Introduction Transportation has been an important policy issue for those with disabilities. The persons with disabilities have been described how the transportation barriers influences their lives (Bell, Stephen and Alex 63). It has been long recognized that individuals with disabilities face many difficulties especially in traveling and this has been associated with the limited life opportunities. These difficulties are usually seen as the barriers to access of the transport system. Individuals needs to feel they are all accepted in the society (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 634). Rubi Transportation Company has been providing the transport services for sometimes now in Sydney, Australia. The company has been aiming at expanding their market and they are targeting the availability of the transportation services to the disabled individuals (Bryman, Alan 98). Nonetheless, the question, which has risen, is whether the business has the possibility that the market has to offer and how many individuals are expected to avail in this new serve in case it is offered. The research elaborate the case of Rubi Transportation Company on how they are expanding their services to the disabled individuals especially in Australia (King, Nigel, Cassell and Symon 17). The research will examine the business draft profit expenses, quantitative interview questions answer that a client could ask to the business owner at Rubi Transportation company and also how the disable person could pay in accordance to the new South Wales government policies its halfy from the government as a voucher. Additionally, it would be important to look at the literature review of some of the authors that has done research on the subject. Literature review There has been extensive research that have been done on the issue of transportation for the disabled individuals, and the challenges that has affected them. Some of the findings was that the use of the door-to-door services and the use of taxis was most common especially in the Australia (Drummond, Robyn, and Richard Wartho 405). The findings highlighted that the use of taxi was the most preferred means by the disabled individuals as comparison to the public transport since they did not have an access to a vehicle (Polonsky, Michael Jay, and David 45). Other findings showed that the disabled individuals are twice more likely than the non-disabled individuals of turning a job down due to the issues of transportation serviced. These people do not often get out of their homes (Bryman, Alan 97). According, to the research it highlighted further that the disabled people faced a lot of problem especially in their professional as well as personal lives just because of the problems of trans portation (Hung-Wen, Lee 403). If these individuals had an access to a good transportation system, their lives would definitely change for the best. Some of this concern could be door to door dialing a ride service rather than having taxis (Bryman, Alan 113). The drivers should be helpful to help these people when they want to move from one place to place. These issues should be incorporated in the business plan since it is an important part to the business of Rubi transportation services (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 634). This research is on the Rubi transportation company on quantitative interview questions that a client could ask the business owner. Additionally, it will incorporate profits expenses and business draft that shows how the disable people could pay according to the New South Wales government policies. The government have been in support of the disability plan. This has been part of the New South Wales strategy in order to ensure that the ends of the clien ts are placed at the Centre of the planning and decision-making for the transport system (Saxena 499). Rubi Transportation Company should aim at delivering of high quality services to all the clients including those with the disability (White, Edward 69). The needs of the disabled individuals varies from one person to another, therefore the method of transport that they usually uses on a daily basis varies from one individual to another. It is important to note that the transport operators as well as other providers have found it to be difficult to implement the transport standards (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 632). There has been several gaps in the data as well as support processes for the transport standards especially on the disabled individuals. Individuals with disability problem have reported inconsistency of implementation of the transport standards in Australia. Concession fares vouchers for people with disabilities If you are individual who has disability in Au stralia there are concession cards vouchers that are designed by the government in order to help you to negotiate the New South Wales policies for public transport. The disabled person can use Welsh concessionary passes at any time of the day. Additionally, the person could request one compassion voucher pass for when they are required to have an assistance to travel (White, Edward 67). However, the cardholder should pay their normal fare that could be full fair, free travel, depending on the concession status. The scheme for applying for the government pass vouchers are run by the local authorities. One should provide evidence to the local government in order to confirm that they are eligible and then they are issued (Gething, Lindsay 502). The government further provides financial assistance, which is needed, for the disabled people to be independent in their local communities (Bell, Stephen, and Alex 65). The taxi transport subsidy scheme provides at least 50% of the taxi fare up which is up to 30 dollars for the individuals with a disability who cannot have an access to the public transport. The NSW government announced it would increase the cap to sixty percent and boost the incentives to put more wheelchair to accessible taxis on the road (Wilson, Jonathan 56). The increase is especially to the individuals for the regional NSW that often have little or perhaps no access to the public transport and can pay large taxi fares since they travel for long distances. The increase of the halfy subsidiary was part of the government response to the point-to-point transport taskforce response on the taxis and ridesharing in NSW. Profit expense draft Rubi transport Company Operation revenue ($)Service sales 50000Total operating revenue 50000 Operating expenses Cost of goods sold 6000Gross profit 44000 Overhead Rent 1500Insurance 300Utilities 500 Total overhead 2300 Operating income 41700Other income expenses Loans interest 5000Earnings before income taxes 36700Income taxes 4000Net earnings 32700 Business draft Executive summaryGeneral company description Products and the services of the companyMarketing planOperational planManagement and the organizationFinancial plan Quantitative interview questions 1. How did you get your idea or concept for the business to expand to the new market? a) Research data on the current market b) Wanting to expand the market base c) Market gap that has existed in the area d) All the above 2. What was your mission at the onset of starting this company? a) For purpose of profit b) To make a difference in the world c) To become the best choice of delivering transport service d) None of the above 3. Which reasons Rubi Transportation Company to expand its services to the disabled? a) To serve the community better b) To give something to the less privileged individuals in the society c) For the purpose of profit d) All the above 4. Which market gap will the company need to focus at the time? a) Communication issuesb) Customer gapc) Policy implementation aspectsd) None of the above 5. Which is the major legal procedures that Rubi Transportation Company has faced when they ventured to the new market? a) Legal release and consenting process b) Privacy issues c) Licenses and permits for implementing the new business ventured) All the above 6. What is the current problem the company is facing? a) Business culture problems b) Human resource issues c) Communication d) All the above 7. How do you intend to advertise on your business? a) Websiteb) Partnershipc) Events and seminarsd) Social media 8. What do you look for in an employee? a) We look for people who are self-motivated and who do not need to be managed b) We need employees who we call triple threats.c) We look for individuals who work and communicate with their peers.d) All the above 9. What made you to choose the current business venture? a) Family and cost of living b) The market is favorable c) The need to help others d) The money was good 10. What is unique about your business? a) The business has narrowed its operation to single target market b) The business provide personalized services to the client c) Delivery of service of the business is effective as well as innovative at the same time d) None of the above References Bell, Stephen, and Alex Park. "The problematic metagovernance of networks: water reform in New South Wales." Journal of Public Policy 26.01 (2006): 63-83.Bryman, Alan. 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