How to Resolve an Ethnic Conflict- Case Study of Bosnia Research Paper

How to Resolve an Ethnic Conflict- Case Study of Bosnia - Research Paper Example The Serbs were seeking political dominance in Bosnia by eliminating the weak Bosnian Muslims. According to Horowitz (2000), a weak state cannot manage the differing ethnic interests peacefully in order to provide protection to all ethnic groups. The Bosnian conflict was also politically fueled by government and military leaders. Political leaders can have discriminatory inter-ethnic politics and ideologies that favor some ethnic groups (Jesse & Williams, 2011). Serbian leaders such as General Mladic and Radovan Karadzic were the masterminds of the Srebrenica massacre. Serbian political leaders had empowered Serb militias to fight the defenseless Bosnian Muslims. Cultural factors such as propaganda, stereotyping and religious differences also lead to ethnic conflict (Jesse & Williams, 2011). Stereotyping creates tension between ethnic groups and hinders social cohesion (Horowitz, 2000). Bosnia was composed of Muslims and non-Muslims. In 1992, fierce propaganda was spread by Serbs depi cting Muslims as extremist fundamentalists. This made Bosnia Serbs support Serbian militia fighting against Bosnia Muslims. Other factors such as economic factors and weak national institutions had little impact among the causes of the Bosnia war. However, these factors still remain valid causes of ethnic conflict among different ethnic groups. Several countries in Africa and Asia experience conflict due to imbalance in economic development and institutions that disregard the law. The Bosnia conflict was ended by the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995. The peace deal had been brokered by the U.S government. The Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian president Alija Izetbegovic, and Croatian President Franjo Tudjman signed the peace agreement. The United States, Russia, France, Germany, and Britain initiated the peace deal that ended the war in 1995. Sarajevo was made the capital city of Bosnia, and the country was divided into two regions along ethnic lines. The Serbs were given 49 per cent of the country, and the remaining 51 per cent was allocated to the Bosnia Muslims. The deal led to the establishment of a Peace Implementation Council to coordinate reconstruction and development projects. The deal included the deployment of NATO troops in the country for peace keeping. A UN High Representative was appointed to make and enforce the law at the state and entity level. The country conducted national elections that established a government of three presidents. Through the peace agreement, political differences that led to the conflict had been addressed. According to Horowitz (2000), differences in political ideologies and the desire for political dominance lead to ethnic conflict. The peace agreement led to the establishment of a central government that would rule over Bosnia. Each entity also has a state government, police, and the military. The issue of weak institutions that disregard the law and a weak nation or ethnic group was addressed. T he weak Bosnia Muslims were given the biggest portion of the country and established a state government and a military force. This gave them an institution that guarantees their security and makes laws that govern the state. The PIC makes decisions that have been implemented by international organizations such as IMF, the World Bank,

Turkey make people sleepy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turkey make people sleepy - Essay Example According to my personal experience to this matter; eating a lot of turkey makes me tired and consequently, I resort to taking a nap. Mary Ann’s theory questions if the thanks giving feast sleepiness and tiredness aspect could explain this lethargy. The friend of mine - Martin, who is visiting my town for summer holidays, and who had earlier admitted to this myth had even warned us that â€Å"if you serve a lot of turkey in any party or dinner, you are definitely going to fall asleep in front of your companions†. Everyone else thinks that my reason on this matter is misplaced as it is logical that eating a lot of any meal can make one sluggish and tired, but to some extent, I think that one can be surer of getting tired after eating turkey than with other meals – even after moderate consumption of turkey. In a more professional context on this matter, the story has been reasoned out by the fact that turkey contains tryptophan and amino acid contents that tend to make people tired and sleepy. However, this has also contributed to a controversy as other animals’ products and meat contains some level of these substances as well. â€Å"This is based on a little right information, but just misapplies and misunderstood†, this is what Fiona Martinez – a professor of molecular nutrition from Minnesota University had to say. Turkey traditionally has been regarded as the main meal in the thanksgiving ceremonies. Funnily, it has been observed that after these ceremonies, people tend to get tired and sleepy. This fact has made a lot of people to actually conclude that the contents of turkey are the primary reason that leads to these conditions. Therefore, many people believe in the myth that eating turkey makes people sleepy. However, in the holiday or festive seasons where a lot of people take turkey, these seasons have also been characterize by the intake of other food substances such as lots of dessert and drinks that contain al cohol are equally usually consumed during these seasons. This has also raised more hypotheses as far as this myth is concerned. A lot of individuals have claimed that it is the dessert and the alcoholic drinks taken after consuming turkey that leads to this feeling of laziness and tiredness. Otherwise, a majority of people still believe in the myth that turkey contains a natural sedative that induces sleepiness. Part II The myth around turkey has been investigated by various scholars and researchers and they have come out with different conclusions as regards to the matter. Turkey in real sense does not make people sleepy. What scientists have concluded to be the cause of this myth is the L-tryptophan which is an essential amino acid (Hirshkowitz, Max & Patricia Pg 105). Being an essential amino acid, it means that a human body cannot produce or synthesize it. Therefore, the diet we take must supply our bodies with the essential amino acid. Amino acids are the blocks that build prot eins. One of the foods rich in tryptophan is turkey. Besides, tryptophan is also found in other animal products especially poultry. When it enters the body, it is utilized in making a vitamin B which is called niacin and is essential for ensuring smooth digestion as well as in the synthesis of serotonin. Serotonin on the other side is a brain hormone or chemical which plays a major role in the regulation

The Third type of failure in a distributed system Essay Example for Free

The Third type of failure in a distributed system Essay In this paper I will be discussing the issue of failures in a distributed system, and to understand the different failures I will write about four failures that occur in and affect a distributed system. Also, I will be discussing and writing about how to isolate and fix two out of the four failure that can occur in the distributed system. In a distributed system nothing is set in stone or perfect, so there are some issues that can arise, and the issues that arise are the failures that can occur in these distributed systems. The failure that can occur are Fail-Stop, Network Failure, Timing Failure, and Byzantine Failures; each of which I will discuss separately. The first of the four failures in the distributed system is Fail-Stop and this is when a halting failure occurs with a type of notification to other components, and this can be when a network file server is in the process of telling its clients it is about to stop executing, and in the process the internal state and the contents connected to the volatile storage can be lost. The second type of failure in a distributed system is network failure, and this can keep processors from being able to communicate with one another. One of Two problems that come up are one way link and which can lead to problems such as the processors slowing down, this can cause one processor not being able to receive messages from the other processor. The second problem that arises is Network partition and occurs when the connecting line of two sections of the network fail, and it can causes a group of two processors to be able to communicate with one another but not with another group of two processors; this can lead to the two groups of processed downloading a file in different ways leading to the file inconsistent among all processors. The Third type of failure in a distributed system is Timing Failure, is the process or part of one that fails to meet its limit set for executing the process, message, clock drift rate, and clock skew on time. The timing failure causes components to respond with the correct value that is outside the specific interval meaning that it is too soon, or too late. Also overloaded processors can be hit with excessive delays even if the correct values are produced, and most timing failures are only in systems which have timing constraints and computations. The Fourth type of failure in distributed systems is Byzantine Failures occur when or during an execution of an algorithm, and when this failure occurs it can cause the system to respond in an unpredictable way by processing a request in the incorrect way, and corrupting local state in addition to sending an inconsistent response to request, and in a way failing to even receive the request. This can occur when an output of one function happens to be the input of another it causes small round off errors in the first function that could then lead to larger errors in the second function. Out of the four failures that can occur in a distributed system two of them can also occur or be in a centralized system, and the failures are Fail-Stop and Network Failure. I would assume that these two failures will fault the same way in a centralized system as they do in the distributed system. Of the two out of four failures that can occur in a distributed system the first of which to isolate and fix is network failure, this can be done by spoofing the network. Using the spoofing technique a probe can be sent down paths to find if the failures are on a forward path or reverse path. The way the network failures can be addressed and fixed are by using a network failure detection and recovery in a two-node by using windows server 2000 cluster that runs a sophisticated algorithm which can detect available network interfaces along with the plug and play function to detect disconnected cables used to connect the network, as well as connectivity issues between the network adapter and the hub or switch. Using windows server 2000 cluster can help detect network failures and lead to resolving them. The second out of the four failures in distributed system is t he Byzantine Failure and the way to isolate and fix the failure is by using a solution called Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance which is an algorithm that can provide high performance Byzantine state machine replication, allowing for processing thousands of request a second with the use of sub-millisecond increase in latency. Another way to help isolate and fix Byzantine Failures is using a redundant system that can use or migrate of mask the effect of a limited amount of faults through redundancy, this can lead to the detection of faulty nodes and identifying and isolating them before they can harm from failure. When it comes to dealing with a distributed system, an organization can run into failures, four of which were described in this paper and they are; Fail-Stop, Network Failure, Timing Failure, and Byzantine Failure but this also includes others that were not discussed. Never the less, these failures can and will occur, it is up to the organization of company running their system to identity these failure risk, isolate them if they are found, and of course they action to guard against and fix issues of failures so it will not cause irreversible damage and harm that can lead to loss of information and time. These failures are inevitable but knowing about them and how to use fault tolerant protocols will indeed safeguard a distributed system Reference http://www.combofix.org/what-is-network-spoofing-and-what-are-the-types-of-it.php http://support.microsoft.com/kb/242600 https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/hotdep06/tech/prelim_papers/haeberlen/haeberlen_html/

The Classification And Description Of Speech Sounds English Language Essay

The Classification And Description Of Speech Sounds English Language Essay Speech sounds are broadly divided into two categories, namely, Vowels and Consonants. If we say the English word shoe, we realize that this word is made up of two sounds, one represented by the letter sh and the letter oe. When we produce the word represented the letter sh slowly, we realize that during the production this sound, the air escapes through the mouth freely and we do not hear any friction. The sound that is represented by the letter sh in the word shoe is a consonant and the sound represented by the letters oe in the word shoe is Vowel. (All sounds during the production of which we hear friction are consonants, but not all consonants are produced with friction). This will be discussed under the type of consonants in this chapter. If we say the words she, shoe, shy, show, ship and shout, we will realize that when we produce the sounds represented by the letters e, oe, y, ow,i and ou in these words, the air escapes through the mouth freely without any friction. All these sounds are therefore vowels but each one of them sounds different form the others. These sounds should therefore be sub-classified. Similarly, if we say the words shoe, see, zoo, and who, we will hear friction during production of the sounds represented by the letters sh, s, z and wh. All the se sounds are therefore consonants. But once again we will see that each of them sounds different from the others. The sounds that are called consonants also need to be sub-classified. In the chapter we will take up the classification and description of consonants. To describe a consonant sound, we need certain important pieces of information. We need to know the following regarding its production: the air stream mechanism; the state of the glottis; the position of the soft-palate; the active articulator; the passive articulator; the stricture involved. Let us discuss these in some detail. The air -stream mechanism: All English sounds (vowels as well as consonants) are produced with a pulmonic egressive air-stream mechanism, i.e., lung-air pushed out. The state of glottis; Speech sounds can be classified voiceless or voiced, depending upon whether the vocal cords are wide apart and the glottis is wide open (voiceless) or the vocal cords are kept loosely together and they vibrate (voiced). The position of the soft-palate; Speech sounds can be classified as oral or nasal, depending upon whether the soft-palate is raised so as to shut off the nasal passage of air (oral) or it is lowered to open the nasal passage of air simultaneously with an oral closure (nasal). Sounds can also be nasalized. And (e) The active and passive articulators: Of the various articulations described, at least two are required for the production of any speech sound; some articulators move during the production of speech sounds. These are termed active articulators. Certain other articulators remain passive and the active articulators move in the direction of these. These are termed passive articulator. The lower tip and the tongue are the active articulators. The upper lip and the entire roof of the mouth are the passive articulators. It should be remembered, however, that the upper lip and the soft palate are capable of independent movement; but when either of these is one of the articulators involved in the production of a sound, it is always the other articulator (the lower lip in the case of the upper lip and the back of the tongue in the case of the soft palate) that moves towards these. So the upper lip and the soft palate are considered passive articulators. The stricture involved: The term stricture refers to the way in which the passage of air is restricted by the various organs of speech. Let us study the various types of strictures in detail. Complete closure and sudden release: The stricture may be one of complete closure, i.e., the active articulators come into firm contact with each other, thus preventing the lung-air from escaping through the mouth. Simultaneously there is a velic closure, i.e., the soft palate is raised, thereby shutting off the nasal passage of air. Thus the lung-air blocked in the mouth. When the oral closure is released, i.e., when the active articulator is suddenly removed from the passive articulator, the air escapes with a small explosive noise. Sounds produced with a stricture of complete closure and sudden releases are called Plosive. The initial sounds in the English word pin, bin, tin, din, kin, and gun are plosives. Complete closure and sudden release: If after blocking the oral and the nasal passages of air, the oral closure is removed slowly, i.e., if the active articulator is removed slowly from the passive articulator, instead of the explosive noise that is characteristic of plosive consonants, friction will be heard. Sounds that are produced with a stricture of complete closure and slow release are called Affricatives. The initial sounds in the English word chin and jam are affricate consonants. Complete oral closure: the active and passive articulators are in firm contact with each other, thereby blocking off the oral passage of air completely. But the soft palate is lowered so that there is a velic opening, i.e., the nasal passage of air is opened. The lung-air will then escape through the nostrils freely. Sounds that are articulated with a stricture of complete oral closure are called Nasals. The final sounds in the English words sum, sun, and sung are some examples of nasal consonants. Intermittent closure: The soft palate is raised, thereby shutting off the nasal passage of air. The active articulator strikes against the passive articulator several times with the result that the air escapes between the active and passive articulators intermittently. Such a stricture is termed intermitted closure. Sounds that are articulated with a stricture of intermittent closure are called trills or rolled consonants. The letter r in English words like red and ran is pronounced as a trill by most Scottish people. For some consonants the active articulator strikes against the passive articulator just once and then quickly flaps forward. Such consonants are called taps or flaps. The letter r in very is pronounced as a tap by some English people. Close approximation: The active articulator is brought so close to the passive articulator that there is a very narrow gap between them. The soft palate is raised so as to shut off the nasal passage of air. The lung-air escapes through the narrow space between the active and passive articulators, producing audible friction. Sounds that are articulated with a stricture of close approximation are called Fricatives. The initial sounds in the English word five, vine, thin, then, sip, zip, sheep and hat are fricatives. Partial closure: the active and passive articulators are in firm contact with each other. The soft palate is raised, thereby shutting off the nasal passage of air. If the sides of the tongue are lowered so that there is plenty of gap between the sides of the tongue and the upper molar teeth, the air will escape along the sides of the tongue without any friction. Sounds that are articulated with a stricture of complete closure in the centre of the vocal tract but with the air escaping along the sides of the tongue without any friction are called laterals. The initial sound in the English word love is a lateral. Open approximation: The soft palate is raised, thereby shutting off the nasal passage of air. If the active articulator is brought close to the passive articulator so that the gap between them is wide the air will escape through this gap without any friction. Sounds that are articulated with a stricture of open approximation are called frictionless continuants and semi vowels. In fact Peter Ladefoged uses the term approximants to refer to sounds that are articulated with a stricture of open approximation. Having looked in detail at the six points referred to at beginning of this chapter; let us describe some consonant sounds with reference to the six points. The sound represented by the letter p in the English word spy: The air stream mechanism is pulmonic egresssive. The vocal cords are drawn apart. The glottis is open. The sound is voiceless. The soft palate is raised and the nasal passage of air is shut off completely. The sound is oral. The active articulator is the upper lip. The passive articulator is the lower lip. The stricture is one of complete closure and sudden release the sound articulated is a plosive. The sound represented by the letter s in the English word spy: The air-stream mechanism is pulmonic egressive. The vocal cords are drawn apart. The glottis is wide open. The sound is voiceless. The soft palate is raised and the nasal passage of air is shut off completely. The sound is oral. The active articulator is the blade of the tongue. The passive articulator is the teeth ridge. The stricture is one of close approximation. The sound articulated is a fricative. The sound represented by the letter n in the English word finger: The air-stream mechanism is pulmonic egressive. The vocal cords are kept loosely together. They vibrate and the sound is voiced. The soft palate is lowered. The nasal passage of air is open. The sound is nasal. The active articulator is the back of the tongue. The passive articulator is the soft palate. The stricture is one of complete oral closure. The sound articulated is a nasal. The sound represented by the letter v in the English word vine: The air-stream mechanism is pulmonic egressive. The vocal cords are kept loosely together. They vibrate and the sound is voiced. The soft palate is raised and the nasal passage of air is shut off completely. The sound is oral. The active articulator is the lower lip. The passive articulators are the upper front teeth. The stricture is one of close approximation. The sound articulated is a fricative. Three-term labels: Consonants are described using three-term labels. The three term refer to (a ) the state of glottis, (b)the place of articulation and (c) the manner of articulation. The three terms should be arranged in the order in which they have been listed above. Some consonants are described below with three-term labels. The letter p in the English word spy represents a voiceless bilabial plosive. The letter d in the English word dear represents a voiced alveolar plosive. The letter k in the English word sky represents a voiceless velar plosive. The letter ch in the English word cheap represents a voiceless palate-alveolar affricative. The letter m in the English word mat represents a voiced bilabial nasal. The letter n in the English word finger represents a voiced velar nasal. The letter y in the English word yes represents a voiced palatal approximant. (Semi-vowel).

outsourcing at clarendon :: Globalization essays, research papers

INTRODUCTION Clarendon Street Consultants (CSC) is a long-standing consulting firm based in Chicago. With a history of operations spanning more than forty years, our firm has established a faithful client base, which it serves through five privately-owned offices. The firm has recently been confronted with the controversial issue of outsourcing American jobs. Proponents of the measures claim that the outsourcing of labor is beneficial for Americans in terms of cost savings for corporations and the creation of better-paying jobs for workers. Those that oppose these measures point out the loss of American jobs at the expense of low income households, as well as a greater dependence on other countries. CSC has decided to examine the issues of outsourcing American labor from a bilateral perspective—the firm will analyze the issue based on its positive impact on profitability and American society. The firm wishes to form its own conclusion based on available information. This conclusion will help CSC in its own future outsourcing-related issues, and will guide the advice given to clients on the subject. A recent article on the subject of outsourcing from Business Today proved useful in our analysis. In the article, author Max P. Michaels heavily favors outsourcing. Michaels, who is a member of the India Business Council, gave a few valid arguments supporting the use of outsourcing in the U.S. However, in order to get a clearer picture of these arguments, I found it useful to analyze the article itself and the arguments in favor of such a position. ARGUMENT In his article, Max P. Michaels concludes that â€Å"Offshoring is Good for America† (96). In order to determine why Michaels believes this is so, we must first take a closer look at his argument. He has provided the following reasons to support his conclusion that offshoring is good for America: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cross border outsourcing of American labor results in U.S. wealth creation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cross border outsourcing is good for shareholders, consumers, and workers in America ANALYSIS Cross-border Outsourcing Creates Wealth Michaels provides his first reason for his argument by stating that â€Å"America is going through a wave of wealth creation, this time triggered by cross-border outsourcing† (96). Restated, the reason simply states that cross-border outsourcing causes wealth creation. This is a good reason to support the author’s conclusion, but there are a few impediments to his argument in the article. First, the author uses ambiguous wording to describe his presentation of the facts. The phrase â€Å"disruptive creation† is used twice in this section, without leaving the reader with any clue as to the author’s meaning (96).

Music Censorship is a Violation of Free Speech -- Argumentative Persua

Music is one of the most popular ways of expression and has been for generations. It makes us want to dance, inspires, soothes, relaxes, and sometimes tells us a story. Music is something the whole world shares and has brought together different kinds of people. However, there has been a question on whether some music has affected society negatively and crossed the line with some of its lyrics, content, and the persona of the artists. Certain music has been boycotted and even banned in the U.S. Pro-censorship supporters say that music is something that can deeply affect our society especially children who should not have to be subjected to things like violence, sex, drugs, or hate. However, being that music is a form of expression, censoring it would just be violating everyone's right to freedom of speech and expression. The First Amendment clearly states that the U.S. government cannot make a law stopping the freedom of speech. Pro-censorship supporters say music is not included under the First Amendment but it is since music is expression. The freedom of speech includes freedom of expression and the right to hold your own opinion. This country is founded on the idea that we should be able to say, read, or publish anything we want. Music is an artist?s form of expression and banning or censoring his or her music would be stopping his or her right to say whatever he/she wants. We also have and value our own opinions and ideas and in return, respect every one else?s. If someone bans or censors a certain song because of it?s ideas, then we are not respecting the artist?s right to an opinion. An audience might have a certain opinion which we can discuss among ourselves, yet if an artist wants to sing a song about it, people want... ...nd doesn?t necessarily reflect the artist. Eminem has never raped anyone or killed anyone, but when he raps about it, it is just the way he feels at the moment sometimes but never engages in the action. In today?s society, we value and learn to tolerate different cultures and people. Sometimes people end up expressing themselves differently as well. This country is based on the idea that we may express ourselves any way we want to, be it religion, organizing, writing, or speaking. Music has been a popular form of expression for centuries. These days, in the country best known for freedom, some people are trying to censor it the freedom of music. Music should not be censored along with any other form of expression otherwise what we and artists say are being controlled. If we value freedom, then that includes what we may say and how we say it even in musical form.

Imporatance of 3 Period Name Lesson Essay

For the purpose of giving a clear perception of an idea in association with language, Montessori advised that the â€Å"three period lesson† of Seguin should be used. The periods are: 1st period: â€Å"The association of the sensory perception with the name†. Example: Give the child a large and a small cylinder and say â€Å"this is large† and â€Å"this is small. † 2nd period: â€Å"Recognition of the object corresponding to the name. † Example: Ask the child to indicate which is the large cylinder and which is the small cylinder. rd period: â€Å"the remembering of the name corresponding to the object. † Example: show the child the large cylinder and say â€Å"what is this? † then show him the small cylinder and say â€Å"what is this? † The 3 period name lesson is very useful because it is very simple and very clear for the child. Furthermore the teacher does not ask the child to actually name the object until she is sure he can recognize it. The importance of the three period lesson can’t be underestimated. This tool can be used anywhere. In the classroom we use it to introduce letter sounds, number values and symbols, continent names, plants and animals, but it is not limited just to the classroom. It can also be used in the playground, in the kitchen, at music lessons, even at the super market. It can even be used to introduce object names in a second language. There is no limit to how this lesson can be used because, under the right circumstances, there is no limit to the amount of information a child between the ages of 3 and 6 is capable of absorbing. The real beauty of the three period lesson is that it allows Montessori teachers to meet each child exactly where they are. In other words, the technique allows the children as much time as they need to learn each new concept – some children will absorb a concept quickly and only need the lesson once or twice while other children may want to be given the lesson many times until they are confident enough to move on.