TRADEMARK PROTECTION AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2481 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Trademarks are signs and combinations that identify goods and services of a particular individual offered in a market. Today the trademark is a way to attract the public. Consumers look at trademarks to choose goods and services, which increases the role of trademarks in global marketing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "TRADEMARK PROTECTION: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE" essay for you Create order Trademarks are important in the sense that most of the consumers rely on the symbols, letters, or labels that the company attached with its products in order to buy them. Often, consumers are deceived by selling local quality products under the brand name. This not only break the trust of the consumers but it also hamper the reputation and goodwill of the brand name and its business. Hence, trademark needs to be protected from such fraudulent activities not only nationally but internationally too. Sometimes, trademark is infringed in a foreign country and due to territorial restrictions; the trademark owner is not able to protect his mark in that country. Our intellectual property system offers a legal means for such protection. There exists a complete international system for trademark protection. Several international agreements have been signed to facilitate the international protection of intellectual property rights. The oldest is the Paris Convention of 1883 and the most recent is TRIPS in 1994. There are several other global and regional agreements, signed between the Paris Convention and TRIPS, which are still in force today such as the 1891 Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Trademarks, the 1989 Madrid Protocol on the International Registration of Trademarks, and the 1994 Trademark Law Treaty. This article examines various treaties, convention and agreements made internationally for the protection of trademark in the global market. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Paris Convention and TRIPS both provides many general principles and rules for the protection of intellectual property rights. PARIS CONVENTION The Paris Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property is one of the oldest and important treaties for the protection of intellectual property rights signed in 1883 in Paris. It also established a union named Paris Union for protecting intellectual property rights. It applies to all intellectual properties such as trademarks, utility models, patents, geographical indications. The Paris Convention provides three principles for protection of intellectual properties[1]: National Treatment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Paris Convention provides that each member country of the convention must provide equal and same protection of intellectual property which it grants to its own citizens, to the nationals of other member countries. For example, if a citizen of India wishes to obtain a Trademark Protection in United States, he will get same protection and rights under the same conditions which United States will provide to its own nationals as both India and United States are the signatories of Paris Convention. Also, the citizens of non-member countries are also entitled to national treatment under the Convention but with some limitations. This principle also applies to all TRIPS member states. Right of Priority à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It means that the applicant who is already protected in one of the member states can apply within a certain period of time for the protection in other member states. The subsequent applications filed will be treated as if they had been filed on the same day as the first application. In simple words, they will have priority over the applications filed by others during that period for the same invention. The advantage of this provision is that the applicants have the option to file the application later in the countries in which they wish to protect their mark and are not required to present all of their applications at the same time. Common Rules à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" All the signatories of the convention are governed by their own domestic law for registration of intellectual property rights. Therefore, the annulment or nullification of the registration of a mark in one Member State will not affect the validity of the registration in other Member States. This means that the trademark owner is subject exclusively to the national laws of each country. But often, some national laws prohibit registration of numbers or letters, whereas others allow such trademarks. In that case it becomes very difficult for the trademark owner to use a mark in the same form in all the countries. But, the Paris Convention provides that the trademark that has been registered in its country of origin in compliance with domestic law is to be registered in other member states as it is. TRIPS (The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) which provides minimum standards for regulation of intellectual property rights. It was negotiated in 1994. It covers almost all intellectual property rights such as copyright, trademarks including service marks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents including the protection of new varieties of plants, the layout-designs of integrated circuits and trade secrets.[2] It incorporates some of the provisions of Paris Convention (1967) also which includes national treatment principle. Article 3 of TRIPS provides for reciprocity between member states. It restricts the discrimination between a Member countries own nationals and the nationals of other Member countries. It means that each member state must grant the citizens of other member states the same intellectual property rights protection which it grants to its own citizens. TRIPS have also introduced the most favoured nation prin ciple which forbids the discrimination between nationals of other member countries. Article 4 of TRIPS provides that all advantages, favours, privileges or immunities granted by a member to its own citizens will be extended to all other members in the same way and without any further conditions. However, the national treatment and most favoured nation principle do not apply to agreements such as Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol which are mainly introduced for the international or regional registration of intellectual property rights.[3] It is mandatory for all member states of TRIPS to introduce procedures into their national legislation for the actions to be taken against any infringement of intellectual property rights. Any victim can go to any judicial or administrative authority for seeking remedies in respect of the infringement. Remedies can be in the form of injunction, seizure or compensation for the loss of reputation or goodwill. Articles 15-21 of TRIPS lay down the rules for protection of trademarks. Article 15(1) provides that all signs and combinations of signs that are capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from another are capable of acquiring trademark protection. Distinctiveness is thus the sole condition for protection of a trademark. If a mark is not able to distinguish between the goods of two persons, it will not be allowed to be registered. Article 15(4) extends the protection to service marks also so that the nature of a product or a service may not be an obstacle to registration of the mark. Article 15(5) of TRIPS only provides for the obligation to publish the trademark either before or immediately after registration and to allow suitable opportunity for an opposing party to apply for cancellation of the registration. Under Article 16, TRIPS recognizes the exclusive right of the trademark holder. During the term of protection, the owner of a trademark enjoys the exclusive right to prevent th ird parties from using either his own mark or a similar mark for same or similar goods or services in the course of trade where such a use would result in a likelihood of confusion among the consumers. TRIPS also extends the protection to well known marks. Thus, Pepsi Company has the right to forbid a shoe manufacturer from using the sign à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to designate its shoes if consumers would be likely to believe that the shoes were manufactured or endorsed by the Pepsi Company, thereby diluting the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pepsià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  trademark. SPECIAL AGREEMENTS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Article 19 of the Paris Convention permits the countries of the Union the right to make separately between themselves special agreements for the protection of intellectual property. Presently, there are four such special agreements existing relating to trademarks: the Madrid Agreement, the Trademark Registration Treaty, the Madrid Protocol, and the Trademark Law Treaty. The Madrid Agreement, Trademark Registration Treaty, and the Madrid Protocol are completely different from TRIPS as these provides for international registration of trademarks but TRIPS does not deal with registration of intellectual property rights. The Madrid Agreement: The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks is governed by two treaties: The Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol. The Madrid Agreement was incorporated in 1891. It is administered by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Most of the countries have ratified the Madrid Agreement including India, but with the exception of the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Scandinavian countries. The Madrid Agreement provides simple international registration procedures for acquiring trademark protection by providing single international application upon payment of a single fee. The procedure for registration under the Madrid Agreement may be summarized as follows[4]: a citizen of a member state owns a registered trademark in its own country on the basis of this initial registration, the national trademark owner applies for international trademark registration with the International Bureau of the WIPO; in the international application, the applicant lists the member states in which protection is sought; the WIPO distributes the international application to each of the listed states; in each of these states, the international application is treated as a national application Under the Madrid Agreement, if the trademark registered in the country of origin, on which the international registration is based, is nullified, then all the trademarks issued from the international registration also becomes void within five years from the date of international registration. Madrid Agreement has been criticized by many countries on this point.[5] Trademark Registration Treaty The WIPO created the Trademark Registration Treaty in 1973. The United States and thirteen other countries were signatories to it. But till now, many countries including United States have not ratified it. It is now signed only by the Soviet Union and four African countries. This treaty was made with an objective to establish an international trademark  ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ling system through which citizens residing in one of the member States can easily register trademarks in all other member states just by filing one single application and securing single international registration. The main advantage of this treaty is the simplified procedure to get the trademark registration secured internationally. But it is still not in force.[6] The Madrid Protocol The Madrid Protocol was signed on June 27, 1989, and entered into force on April 1, 1996. There are total 86 countries who are signatories to this protocol including India. It provides a cost-effective and a very efficient way for trademark holders to ensure protection in multiple countries through the filing of one single application with a single office and single fee in one language. Once any member country grants the trademark protection to any applicant, his trademark will be protected in that country as if that country has registered it. Similar to Madrid agreement, here the international application is treated as a national one.[7] The procedure for filing the application under Madrid protocol is that the applicant files an International Application from the national office of his country which will then pass the International Application to WIPO. He can then list those countries in his application in which he sought protection.[8] The duration of protection following an international registration is ten years, renewable under payment of a fee to the International Bureau of the WIPO. The Protocol is a new treaty independent from the Madrid Agreement and introduces new procedures for international registration which entered into force on April 1, 1996. For example, if the applicant selects the European Community Office, the office of harmonization in the internal market (OHIP), the application is treated as an EC trademark application. The Trademark Law Treaty The Trademark Law Treaty was adopted in Geneva on October 27, 1994, and entered into force August 1, 1996. It does not deal with the registration of trademarks but simplify national and regional trademark registration procedures. There are 49 countries which are signatories to it. It also eliminates the formal requirements that are considered to be unnecessary obstacles in the registration process. The treaty applies to trademarks for such as word marks, design marks, mixed marks and three-dimensional marks. The treaty does not apply to sound marks, olfactory marks, collective marks, certification marks or guarantee marks. The provisions of the treaty contain three phases of the registration procedure: (i) the application for registration; (ii) changes after registration; and (iii) renewal. The provisions of the Trademark Law Treaty are not incorporated into TRIPS. The duration of renewal of the registration under this treaty is 10 years.[9] CONCLUSION What conclusions may be drawn from this brief overview of the international trademark protection system? Clearly, the Paris Convention has stood the test of time. Its principles are now incorporated into TRIPS, defining the basic rules of protection of intellectual property rights in the international trade. The recognition and protection of intellectual property rights is one of the conditions for international peace. Apart from various international agreements like Paris Convention and TRIPS, there are various special agreements such as Madrid Agreement and Madrid protocol, trademark law treaty and trademark registration treaty for the protection of trademarks internationally. Madrid Agreement and Madrid protocol which are part of the Madrid system only deals with registration aspect of trademarks whereas all other treaties and convention deals with principles and rules for protecting trademarks and simplifying the trademark registration procedures at the international level. All these treaties and agre ements are incorporated with sole objective to simplify the international procedures for protecting the trademark and to make them cost effective and more efficient so that any person can make his mark registered and enjoy the trademark protection not only in his home country but also internationally. 1 [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Summary of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Propertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1883), available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/summary_paris.htmlgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [2] Wolf R. MEIER-EWERT, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Business-oriented overview of Intellectual Property for Law Studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_smes_ge_2_06/wipo_smes_ge_2_06_www_63216.pptgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [3] Supra note 1 [4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Guide To The International Registration Of Marks Under The Madrid Agreement And The Madrid Protocolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/guide/pdf/guide.pdfgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [5] Supra note 4 [6] DONALD W. BANNER, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trademark Registration Treatyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/trademarks/PreLanhamAct_107_Trademark_Treaty.htmgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [7] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Madrid Protocolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/madrid/gt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [8] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Madrid Protocol and Madrid Agreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  available at lt;https://www.elkfife.com/madrid-protocol-and-madrid-agreementgt; (accessed on 15th Nov, 2014) [9] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Summary of the Trademark Law Treaty (TLT)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1994) available at lt;https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/summary_tlt.htmlgt; (accessed on 16th Nov, 2014)

Beyond Gdp Paper Free Essays

Special attention is devoted to recent developments in the analysis of sustainability, in the study of happiness, in the theory of social choice and fair allocation, and in the capability approach. It is suggested in the conclusion that, although convergence toward a consensual approach is not impossible, for the moment not one but three alternatives to GDP are worth developing. ( JEL I31, E23, E01) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Beyond Gdp Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction G DP is recurrently criticized for being a poor indicator of social welfare and, therefore, leading governments astray in their assessment of economic policies. As is well known, GDP statistics measure current economic aactivity but ignore wealth variation, international income flows, household production of services, destruction of the natural environment, and many determinants of well-being such as the quality of social relations, economic security and personal safety, health, and longevity. Even worse, GDP increases when convivial reciprocity is replaced by anonymous market relations and when rising crime, pollution, catastrophes, or health hazards trigger * Fleurbaey: CNRS, University Paris Descartes, CORE (Universite de Louvain) and IDEP. Comments, suggestions and advice by S. Alkire, G. Asheim, A. Atkinson, A. Deaton, E. Diewert, R. Guesnerie, D. Kahneman, A. Krueger, I. Robeyns, P. Schreyer, three referees and Roger Gordon (the Editor) are gratefully acknowledged. defensive or repair expenditures. Not surprisingly, the construction of better indicators of social welfare is also, recurrently, a hot issue in public debate and a concern for politicians and governments. The last two decades have witnessed an explosion in the number of alternative indicators and a surge of initiatives from important institutions such as the OECD, the UNDP, the European Union—more recently the French government has appointed a committee, chaired by Joseph E. Stiglitz and including four other Nobel Prize winners, to propose new indicators of â€Å"economic performance and social progress. In the meantime, welfare economics1 has burgeoned in various directions, involving the theory of social choice, the theory of 1 The expression â€Å"welfare economics† is used here in a very broad sense, including all branches of economics that bear on the definition of criteria for the evaluation of social states and public policies. It is not restricted to the narrow confines of Old and New (or New New) Welfare Economics. 1029 1030 Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XLVII (December 2009) is much less supported by economic theory than is commonly assumed. The extension of this approach to intertemporal welfare as attempted in â€Å"green† accounting adds even more complications. In view of recent developments in the theory of social choice and fairness, it will be argued that the idea of a â€Å"corrected GDP† is still defendable but implies different accounting methods than usually thought. Second, there is the idea of â€Å"Gross National Happiness,† which has been revived by the burgeoning happiness studies. It will be argued here that the happiness revolution might, instead of bringing about the return of â€Å"utility,† ultimately condemn this concept for being simplistic, and reveal that subjective well-being cannot serve as a metric for social evaluation without serious precautions. Third, there is the â€Å"capability approach † proposed by Amartya Sen, primarily as a framework for thinking rather than a precise method of measurement. This approach has now inspired a vvariety of applications, but most of its premoters are reluctant to seek a synthetic index, a famous exception being the Human Development Index (HDI). It will be argued here that a key aspect of this problem is whether individual valuations of the relevant dimensions of capability can and should be taken into account— an issue over which a dialogue with the two previous approaches might prove very useful. Fourth, there is the growing number of â€Å"synthetic indicators† that, following the lead of the HDI, are constructed as weighted averages of summary measures of social performance in various domains. It will be argued here that, if the three other approaches were fully exploited, there would be little reason to keep this fourth approach alive because it is ill-equipped to take account of the distribution of well-being and advantage among the members of society. The paper is structured as follows. Sections 2–4 deal with monetary measures that are linked to the project of a corrected fair allocation, the capability approach, the study of happiness and its determinants, in conjunction with new developments in the philosophy of social justice and the psychology of well-being. These conceptual developments provide new analytical tools that may be directly useful for concrete measurements. About a decade ago, Daniel T. Slesnick (1998) made the following observation: â€Å"While centrally important to many problems of economic analysis, confusion persists concerning the relationship between commonly used welfare indicators and well-established theoretical formulations† (p. 2108). It is probably safe to say that much the same now holds about the relationship between concrete measures of welfare—old, new, and potential—and upto-date theories. It appears timely to ask what the existing academic literature has to say about alternatives to GDP. The practical importance of a measure of social welfare can hardly be overstated. Ppolicy decisions, cost–benefit analyses, international comparisons, measures of growth, and inequality studies constantly refer to evaluations of individual and collective wellbeing. The fact that monetary measures still predominate in all such contexts is usually interpreted as imposed by the lack of a better index rather than reflecting a positive consensus. The purpose of this paper is, in the light of state-of-the-art welfare economics, to examine the pros and cons of the main alternative approaches to the measurement of social welfare from the perspective of ppolicy evaluation as well as international and intertemporal comparisons. Four approaches are discussed here. First, there is the idea of a â€Å"corrected GDP † that would take account, in particular, of nonmarket aspects of well-being and of sustainability concerns. As will be explained here, a basic problem for this approach is that its starting point, national income, as a candidate for a measure of social welfare, Fleurbaey: Beyond GDP: The Quest for a Measure of Social Welfare GDP. Section 2 revisits the classical results involving the value of total consumption and usually invoked in justification of GDP-like measures. This appears important because some of these results are often exaggerated, while others are little known or even susceptible of developments in future research. Section 3 is devoted to the intertemporal extension of this approach, as featured in the Net National Product (NNP) and â€Å"green† accounting. Section 4 turns to measures based on willingness-to-pay and moneymetric utilities, highlighting the connection with recent developments in the theory of social choice and fairness. This section also briefly discusses cost–benefit analysis, which is an important tool for ppolicy evaluation. Sections 5–7 are devoted to the nonmonetary approaches, namely, synthetic indicators such as the HDI (section 5), happiness studies and the various possible indexes of subjective well-being (section 6), and the capability approach (section 7). Section 8 makes concluding remarks about the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches analyzed in the paper and the prospects for future developments and applications. 2. Monetary Aggregates Revisited The project of correcting GDP has been often understood, after William D. Nordhaus and James Tobin’s (1973) seminal work, as adding or subtracting terms that have the same structure as GDP, i. e. , monetary aggregates computed as quantities valued at market prices or at imputed prices in case market prices are not available. As we will see in this section, economic theory is much less supportive of this approach than usually 2 Nordhaus and Tobin (1973) set out to compute â€Å"a comprehensive measure of the annual real consumption of households. Consumption is intended to include all goods and services, marketed or not, valued at market prices or at their equivalent in oopportunity costs to consumers† (p. 24). 1031 thought by most users of national accou nts. Many official reports swiftly gloss over the fact that economic theory has established total income as a good index of social welfare under some assumptions (which are usually left unspecified). To be sure, there is a venerable tradition of economic theory that seeks to relate social welfare to the value of total income or total consumption. 3 Most of that theory, however, deals with the limited issue of determining the sign of the welfare change rather than its magnitude, not to mention the level of welfare itself. In this perspective, the widespread use of GDP per capita, corrected or uncorrected, as a cardinal measure allowing ppercentage scaling of differences and variations appears problematic. 4 In this section, I review the old and recent arguments for and against monetary aggregates as social welfare indicators. . 1 A Revealed Preference Argument Start from the revealed preference argument that, assuming local nonsatiation, if a consumer chooses a commodity bundle x (with ? different commodities) in a budget set defined by the price vector p, then x is revealed preferred to all bundles y such that py px. If x is interior and assuming differentiability, for an infini tesimal change dx, x + dx is strictly preferred to x by the consumer if and only if pdx 0. Note the importance of the interiority assumption here. How to cite Beyond Gdp Paper, Papers

Rubi Transportation Company

Question: Discuss about the Rubi Transportation Company. Answer: Introduction Transportation has been an important policy issue for those with disabilities. The persons with disabilities have been described how the transportation barriers influences their lives (Bell, Stephen and Alex 63). It has been long recognized that individuals with disabilities face many difficulties especially in traveling and this has been associated with the limited life opportunities. These difficulties are usually seen as the barriers to access of the transport system. Individuals needs to feel they are all accepted in the society (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 634). Rubi Transportation Company has been providing the transport services for sometimes now in Sydney, Australia. The company has been aiming at expanding their market and they are targeting the availability of the transportation services to the disabled individuals (Bryman, Alan 98). Nonetheless, the question, which has risen, is whether the business has the possibility that the market has to offer and how many individuals are expected to avail in this new serve in case it is offered. The research elaborate the case of Rubi Transportation Company on how they are expanding their services to the disabled individuals especially in Australia (King, Nigel, Cassell and Symon 17). The research will examine the business draft profit expenses, quantitative interview questions answer that a client could ask to the business owner at Rubi Transportation company and also how the disable person could pay in accordance to the new South Wales government policies its halfy from the government as a voucher. Additionally, it would be important to look at the literature review of some of the authors that has done research on the subject. Literature review There has been extensive research that have been done on the issue of transportation for the disabled individuals, and the challenges that has affected them. Some of the findings was that the use of the door-to-door services and the use of taxis was most common especially in the Australia (Drummond, Robyn, and Richard Wartho 405). The findings highlighted that the use of taxi was the most preferred means by the disabled individuals as comparison to the public transport since they did not have an access to a vehicle (Polonsky, Michael Jay, and David 45). Other findings showed that the disabled individuals are twice more likely than the non-disabled individuals of turning a job down due to the issues of transportation serviced. These people do not often get out of their homes (Bryman, Alan 97). According, to the research it highlighted further that the disabled people faced a lot of problem especially in their professional as well as personal lives just because of the problems of trans portation (Hung-Wen, Lee 403). If these individuals had an access to a good transportation system, their lives would definitely change for the best. Some of this concern could be door to door dialing a ride service rather than having taxis (Bryman, Alan 113). The drivers should be helpful to help these people when they want to move from one place to place. These issues should be incorporated in the business plan since it is an important part to the business of Rubi transportation services (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 634). This research is on the Rubi transportation company on quantitative interview questions that a client could ask the business owner. Additionally, it will incorporate profits expenses and business draft that shows how the disable people could pay according to the New South Wales government policies. The government have been in support of the disability plan. This has been part of the New South Wales strategy in order to ensure that the ends of the clien ts are placed at the Centre of the planning and decision-making for the transport system (Saxena 499). Rubi Transportation Company should aim at delivering of high quality services to all the clients including those with the disability (White, Edward 69). The needs of the disabled individuals varies from one person to another, therefore the method of transport that they usually uses on a daily basis varies from one individual to another. It is important to note that the transport operators as well as other providers have found it to be difficult to implement the transport standards (Drew, Joseph, Michael and Brian Dollery 632). There has been several gaps in the data as well as support processes for the transport standards especially on the disabled individuals. Individuals with disability problem have reported inconsistency of implementation of the transport standards in Australia. Concession fares vouchers for people with disabilities If you are individual who has disability in Au stralia there are concession cards vouchers that are designed by the government in order to help you to negotiate the New South Wales policies for public transport. The disabled person can use Welsh concessionary passes at any time of the day. Additionally, the person could request one compassion voucher pass for when they are required to have an assistance to travel (White, Edward 67). However, the cardholder should pay their normal fare that could be full fair, free travel, depending on the concession status. The scheme for applying for the government pass vouchers are run by the local authorities. One should provide evidence to the local government in order to confirm that they are eligible and then they are issued (Gething, Lindsay 502). The government further provides financial assistance, which is needed, for the disabled people to be independent in their local communities (Bell, Stephen, and Alex 65). The taxi transport subsidy scheme provides at least 50% of the taxi fare up which is up to 30 dollars for the individuals with a disability who cannot have an access to the public transport. The NSW government announced it would increase the cap to sixty percent and boost the incentives to put more wheelchair to accessible taxis on the road (Wilson, Jonathan 56). The increase is especially to the individuals for the regional NSW that often have little or perhaps no access to the public transport and can pay large taxi fares since they travel for long distances. The increase of the halfy subsidiary was part of the government response to the point-to-point transport taskforce response on the taxis and ridesharing in NSW. Profit expense draft Rubi transport Company Operation revenue ($)Service sales 50000Total operating revenue 50000 Operating expenses Cost of goods sold 6000Gross profit 44000 Overhead Rent 1500Insurance 300Utilities 500 Total overhead 2300 Operating income 41700Other income expenses Loans interest 5000Earnings before income taxes 36700Income taxes 4000Net earnings 32700 Business draft Executive summaryGeneral company description Products and the services of the companyMarketing planOperational planManagement and the organizationFinancial plan Quantitative interview questions 1. How did you get your idea or concept for the business to expand to the new market? a) Research data on the current market b) Wanting to expand the market base c) Market gap that has existed in the area d) All the above 2. What was your mission at the onset of starting this company? a) For purpose of profit b) To make a difference in the world c) To become the best choice of delivering transport service d) None of the above 3. Which reasons Rubi Transportation Company to expand its services to the disabled? a) To serve the community better b) To give something to the less privileged individuals in the society c) For the purpose of profit d) All the above 4. Which market gap will the company need to focus at the time? a) Communication issuesb) Customer gapc) Policy implementation aspectsd) None of the above 5. Which is the major legal procedures that Rubi Transportation Company has faced when they ventured to the new market? a) Legal release and consenting process b) Privacy issues c) Licenses and permits for implementing the new business ventured) All the above 6. What is the current problem the company is facing? a) Business culture problems b) Human resource issues c) Communication d) All the above 7. How do you intend to advertise on your business? a) Websiteb) Partnershipc) Events and seminarsd) Social media 8. What do you look for in an employee? a) We look for people who are self-motivated and who do not need to be managed b) We need employees who we call triple threats.c) We look for individuals who work and communicate with their peers.d) All the above 9. What made you to choose the current business venture? a) Family and cost of living b) The market is favorable c) The need to help others d) The money was good 10. What is unique about your business? a) The business has narrowed its operation to single target market b) The business provide personalized services to the client c) Delivery of service of the business is effective as well as innovative at the same time d) None of the above References Bell, Stephen, and Alex Park. "The problematic metagovernance of networks: water reform in New South Wales." Journal of Public Policy 26.01 (2006): 63-83.Bryman, Alan. "Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done?." Qualitative research 6.1 (2006): 97-113.Drew, Joseph, Michael A. Kortt, and Brian Dollery. "Economies of scale and local government expenditure: evidence from Australia." Administration Society 46.6 (2014): 632-653.Drummond, Robyn, and Richard Wartho. "Rims: The Research Impact Measurement Service At The University Of New South Wales." Australian Academic Research Libraries 47.4 (2016): 270-281.Gething, Lindsay. "Sources of double disadvantage for people with disabilities living in remote and rural areas of New South Wales, Australia." Disability Society 12.4 (1997): 513-531.Hung-Wen, Lee. "Factors that influence expatriate failure: An interview study." International Journal of Management 24.3 (2007): 403.King, Nigel, C. Cassell, and G. Symon. "Qu alitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide." The Qualitative Research Interview 17 (1994).Polonsky, Michael Jay, and David S. Waller. Designing and managing a research project: A business student's guide. Sage Publications, 2014.Saxena, K. B. C. "Towards excellence in e-governance." International Journal of Public Sector Management 18.6 (2005): 498-513.White, Edward. "Claims to the benefits of clinical supervision: A critique of the policy development process and outcomes in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 26.1 (2017): 65-76.Wilson, Jonathan. Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage, 2014.

Police Department and Organization Ppt free essay sample

Most local law enforcement agencies are small in size and employ many civilians for data processing, finger printing and other clerical duties. Local law enforcement agencies are responsible for patrolling an area or jurisdiction, the apprehension, detention of adult and juvenile criminal suspects, for providing emergency services, community service and relations, criminal and forensic investigations, and enforcing traffic laws. Most local law enforcement agencies also â€Å"perform a standard set of functions and tasks and provide similar services to the community: these include the following: traffic enforcement, narcotics and vice control, accident investigations, radio communications, patrol, peace keeping, crime prevention, property and violent crime investigations, finger printing processing, death investigations, and search and rescue ( Siegel, Senna, 2008). Many local law enforcement agencies have become very involved with schools and the citizens of the community. Many schools have officers on campus to assist teachers and students. Local police also have programs like D. A. R. E. that help educate children and parents about the signs of drug use, the dangers of drug use and domestic violence issues. The rural and outlaying county areas of a city are under the care of the Sheriff’s Department. The Sheriff provides law enforcement to residents living in the county area. Just like local or city police a Sheriff’s Department can vary in size. The Sheriff’s Department’s are assigned their duties by State law and have the primary responsibility for investigating violent crimes in their jurisdiction (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Local police and a Sheriff perform basically many of the same tasks however there are differences between the two agencies. For instance the Sheriff’s Department officers participate in the daily operations of jails. Sheriff Officers are also called upon for search and rescue operations, and Sheriff’s are more involved with the courts than local police officers (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Also local law enforcement agencies perform more traffic related tasks than the Sheriff’s Department. Another important department under the operation of the Sheriff’s Department is the County Coroner’s Office. A County Coroner’s duties vary from county to county but their main function overall is to investigate all unexplained, unnatural, or suspicious deaths (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Coroner’s assist law enforcement agencies with homicide investigations to help determine the accurate cause of death and when and how and an individual was murdered. Here’s another interesting fact; if a Sheriff is arrested or forced to leave his or her position then the County Coroner becomes the main law enforcement officer for that county. The State Police are our most visible for of law enforcement on our highways today. Originally state law enforcement agencies were created to â€Å"assist local police agencies that did not have adequate resources available for crime solving, forensics, and arrest, to investigate criminal activities that have crossed state lines, to provide law enforcement to county and rural areas and to control labor and strike movements (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Today State law enforcement agencies focus on enforcing traffic laws, regulating traffic, investigating motor vehicle accidents and investigating violent crimes. State law enforcement agencies have a wide variety of functions and responsibilities. Basically State police provide the same types of services as local law enforcement agencies except that the State Police may use his or her power throughout the state they work in, whereas local police officers are limited to their use of power within the jurisdiction he or she is working in. In some cases the type of offense committed may determine who has power or jurisdiction over the case. Federal law enforcement is divided into three categories: The Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of the Treasury. Each of these federal law enforcement agencies works together to solve specific types and forms of crimes. Federal law enforcement agencies are authorized by Congress to enforce specific laws or attend to specific situations (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Under the Department of Justice the following are the following departments: The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), United States Marshal Service (USMS), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The FBI is responsible for investigating federal law violations and has jurisdiction over two hundred federal crimes like sabotage, espionage, kidnapping, bank robberies, extortion, interstate crimes and civil rights violations. The FBI also assists and provides training to other law enforcement agencies. There are eight separate divisions under the control of the FBI and they are the National Security Division, Criminal Investigation Division, the FBI laboratory, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Information Resources Division, Training Division, Administrative Services Division, and the Critical Incident Response Group (Siegel, Senna, 2006). All eight of these agencies work together to combat worldwide criminal activity such as terrorism, organized crime, foreign intelligence, federal drug offenses and white collar crimes. Under the Department of Homeland security (DHS) the primary function is to protect United States citizens against international and domestic terrorism. There are fifteen separate agencies that operate under the control of the Secretary of Homeland Security. The DHS consist of the United States Secret Service, the United States Customs Service, Bureau of Customs and Border protection, Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Gaines, Miller, 2006). Each of these agencies perform different tasks but the main objective is the same; monitor international and foreign military and or terrorist activities to protect citizens from harm, to stop illegal transport and delivery of goods through customs, to stop illegal immigrants from entering the country illegally. The Department of the Treasury is also part of law enforcement. The primary office is known as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was formed in 1789 to regulate and control the federal government’s financial affairs. The IRS mints coins and prints paper money, borrows money, collects taxes from individuals and corporations, and pays all of the federal governments expenses (Gaines, Miller, 2006). The IRS Department also focuses on regulation and violations of the tax laws. The IRS has three branches the Examination Division that audits individual and corporation tax returns. The Collection Division attempts to collect owed and past due tax from individuals and corporations. The Criminal Investigation Division investigates possible tax fraud and tax evasion cases. Even though most people do not consider the IRS as part of law enforcement it very much is, it just mainly focuses mainly on money matters. However just like with all the agencies discussed in this article the IRS under Federal Law can carry a firearm and arrest you. Our personal survival depends on our law enforcement agencies to provide us with protection and community service and apprehend criminal suspects. If anyone of these organizations only had power to function within a specific community then the rest of the places outside of this community would probably see a dramatic rise in criminal behavior and activity. Without laws and law enforcement agencies the world would become disorderly and chaotic. Overall all of these law enforcement agencies carryout many of the same the responsibilities: providing citizens with community services, maintaining the peace, preventing and controlling crime, the apprehension of criminal suspects, and maintaining order of a community by the laws of our nation. Reference: Siegel, L. and Senna, J. (2008). Introduction to Criminal Justice, 11th ed. Thomson Learning Inc. Chapter 5. Gaines, L. and Miller, R. L. (2006). Criminal Justice in Action, the Core the 3rd ed. Thomson Learning Inc. Chapter 5.

Free Essays on La Z Boy

Group Project Financial Accounting La-Z-Boy Intro La-Z-boy Corporation was started in the 1920's and is now known as one of the largest best selling furniture industries to date. La-z-boy unlike other furniture companies which at the time focused on quality and customer satisfaction the most. The company also added a twist to there product by offering a year around piece of furniture which held the a certain name to it. Along with names the company also held furniture shows which consisted of circus mice, Merry-go rounds and Ferris wheels. Although the La-Z-Boy company profit tremendously form the time it started out of a garage, the company truly started to compete with other corporations when it went public in 1961. From 1961 to 1971 the La-z-Boy corporation witnessed astonishing sales when they introduced there reclining rocker chair which at the time increased sales from 1.1million dollars to 52.7million. In 1972 the company entered the market and Six hundred people brought more than 320,000 shares in over the counter trading. B y the end of the year La-z-Boy received annual sales of more than 152 million. At this time the company started to open up La-z-boy showcases which was meant to provide customers seeking genuine La-Z-Boy comfort furniture. To jump forward, La-z-boy hasn't let go of incorporating future technology in there chairs, from chairs that rocked, swiveled, glided and lifted to those that store items, massage and heat, and even have built in phones and laptop computers with internet hook up La-z-boy has no signs of not introducing quality products. By obtaining other furniture companies like Hammary, Kincaid, England/Corsair, Centurion, Sam More, Bauhaus USA, and more La-z-boy has gained access to newer markets and more customers. In 1997 the company exceeded 1 billion in annual sales and left its competition behind selling twice as much as it closets competitor. La-Z-boy a name synonymous with comfort will go... Free Essays on La Z Boy Free Essays on La Z Boy Group Project Financial Accounting La-Z-Boy Intro La-Z-boy Corporation was started in the 1920's and is now known as one of the largest best selling furniture industries to date. La-z-boy unlike other furniture companies which at the time focused on quality and customer satisfaction the most. The company also added a twist to there product by offering a year around piece of furniture which held the a certain name to it. Along with names the company also held furniture shows which consisted of circus mice, Merry-go rounds and Ferris wheels. Although the La-Z-Boy company profit tremendously form the time it started out of a garage, the company truly started to compete with other corporations when it went public in 1961. From 1961 to 1971 the La-z-Boy corporation witnessed astonishing sales when they introduced there reclining rocker chair which at the time increased sales from 1.1million dollars to 52.7million. In 1972 the company entered the market and Six hundred people brought more than 320,000 shares in over the counter trading. B y the end of the year La-z-Boy received annual sales of more than 152 million. At this time the company started to open up La-z-boy showcases which was meant to provide customers seeking genuine La-Z-Boy comfort furniture. To jump forward, La-z-boy hasn't let go of incorporating future technology in there chairs, from chairs that rocked, swiveled, glided and lifted to those that store items, massage and heat, and even have built in phones and laptop computers with internet hook up La-z-boy has no signs of not introducing quality products. By obtaining other furniture companies like Hammary, Kincaid, England/Corsair, Centurion, Sam More, Bauhaus USA, and more La-z-boy has gained access to newer markets and more customers. In 1997 the company exceeded 1 billion in annual sales and left its competition behind selling twice as much as it closets competitor. La-Z-boy a name synonymous with comfort will go...

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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